depression Flashcards
according to the DSM-V what are the 8 criterias for depression
- depressed mood most of the day
- marked diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
- significant weight loss/gain or decrease/increase in appetite
- slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movement
- fatigue or loss of energy nearly everyday
- feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
- diminished ability to think or concentrate
- recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation
out of the criteria what needs to be ticked to be diagnosed for depression
at least 5 symptoms must be apparent everyday for 2 weeks
what are people labelled as if they meet 3 of the criteria
chronic depression
what are the 4 behavioural characteristics of depression
- weight changes - loss or increase in appetite
- changes in daily activities - withdraw from activities
- loss of energy
- sleep disturbance - constant insomnia or oversleeping
what are the 4 emotional characteristics of depression
- feeling of emptiness - void of any emotion
- loss of enthusiasm - not excited
- worthlessness
- constant depressed mood
what are the 3 cognitive characteristics of depression
- memory and concentration - issues paying attention and remembering info
- negative thoughts
- delusions - may experience hallucinations
bipolar depression definition
they have alternating manic episodes - only around 2% suffer with this
behavioural symptoms of bipolar depression
- high enegry levels
- reckless behaviour - risk taking
- talkative - fast endless speech
emotional symptoms of bipolar depression
- elevated mood states - ‘high’ moods are common
- irritability - frustrated if don’t get own way
- lack of guilt - social inhibition
cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression
- delusions - believe others are persecuting them
- irrational thought processes
how does the cognitive theory describe depression
the cognitive approach explains depression as a result of faulty and irrational thought processes and perceptions
what are the 2 cognitive theories
- becks theory
- ellis’ ABC model
how does Beck describe depression
Beck believed depression is caused because the individual sees themselves and the world negatively due to cognitive vulnerability - this has 3 parts: cognitive biases, negative schemas and negative triad
what is the cognitive triad of depression
Beck claimed depression is casued by negative self-schemas maintaining the cognitive triad which is a negative and irrational view of ourselves, our future and the world around us
selective abstraction definition
conclusions are drawn from 1 part of the situation e.g. goalkeeper blames himself even though the defence was bad
overgeneralisation
general conclusions based on a singular event
magnification/minimisation definition
making exaggerations when evaluating a performance/situation
where may negative schemas develop
they may develop in childhood and adolescenece when parents place unreal demands or are highly critical - these continue in adulthood, this may lead the individual to mispercieve reality
ineptness schemas definition
makes individual expect to fail
self-blame schemas definition
makes them feel overly responsible for misfortunes
negative self-evaluation schemas definition
reminds individuals of their worthlessness
McIntish and Fischer evaluation for Beck
McIntish and Fischer 2000 tested the negative triad and found no clear seperation of negative thoughts - instead they found a single negative perception of the self = the concept of 3 seperate stages is innecessary and overcomplicated
Boury et al evaluation for Beck
Boury et al 2001 monitored students’ negative thoughts using Beck’s depression inventory - they found that depressives misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion and feel hopeless about the future - this supports Beck’s idea that individuals with depression experience cognitive bias
limitation of Becks theory
there is an issue surrounding cause and effect - it isn’t evident if cognitive bias and negative views are a cause/result of depression - evidence merely shows that the 2 are linked so the theory is only a possibility
how does Ellis describe depression
Ellis starts off by explaining what is a good mental health - this is the result of rational thinking whereas depression is the result of irrational thinking
what does Ellis’ ABC model stand for
- activating event
- beliefs (rational/irrational)
- consequence
strength of Ellis’ theory
it has led to the development of therapies to improve irrational thinking - the ABC theory has led to the development of REBT which added D and E to the theory - this encourages individuals to dispute their irrational beliefs with more effective cognition = supports that the root cause of the disorder lies in faulty cognition
limitations of Ellis’ ABC model
there are credible alternative explantions of depression other than the cognitive approach - there is research support that biological factors play a significant role = this raises questions about the ability of cognitive theories as a complete explanation of depression
