MT 5 Notes Flashcards
A pentose (5-Carbon sugar) biological molecule; DNA
Deoxyribose
sugar that forms the backbone of RNA
Ribose
the bond that connects and holds the nitrogenous base pairs together within the molecule
hydrogen Bonds
occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups
Covalent Bonds
a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of amino acid 1 and the amino group of amino acid 2
Peptide Bonds
part of the molecule is conserved/saved, during DNA the two strands of nucleotides separate
Semi-Conservative Replication
make up nucleic acids, have three parts: sugar, phosphate, and Nitrogen base
Nucleotide
Where does DNA replication take place?
in the nucleus during S phase
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA uses the Nitrogen base Thymine, while in RNA it switches it out with Uracil. DNA is a double strand Helix, and RNA is single-stranded
What type of bonds hold DNA together?
weak hydrogen bonds
What does it mean when DNA is semi-conservative?
-each parent strand is a template that determines the order of the new bases
-forms a “complementary” strand to original strand
-the newly synthesized double helix is a combination of one “old” and one “new” DNA strand
a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein
Polypeptide
mRNA is attached to this, it reads the mRNA codons starting at AUG
Ribosome
-the transformation from DNA to RNA
-carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus
Transcription
-the transformation from mRNA to a polypeptide
-read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide
Translation
a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
Codon
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells
Chromosome
monomer for making proteins, held together by peptide bonds
Amino Acid
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Gene
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
How does transcription take place?
copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule
Where does translation take place?
ribosomes
How does translation take place?
where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein
2 full sets of chromosomes, 2n
Ex. In human somatic cells, 2n=46
Diploid
one full set of chromosomes, (n)
Ex. Gametes= egg and sperm, n=23
Haploid
body cells, these are diploid
Ex. blood cells, lung cells, muscle cells, heart cells
Somatic Cell
Sex cells, these are haploid
Ex. egg and sperm
Gamete
chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from mom and one from dad
Homologous Chromosomes
-can occur between homologous chromosomes
-during prophase 1homologous chromosomes are lined up together
-when this happens they swap pieces of DNA
Crossing Over
When does interphase occur?
it can happen before both
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is to grow and repair cells, and meiosis is to create new life
How do the cells produced in meiosis relate to the original cell?
each daughter cells receives a mixture of chromosomes from two sets in the parent cell
carry traits that make you who you are
Ex. the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
Autosomes
carry traits that make you who you are AND determine your biological sex
Ex. the 23rd pair of chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell
Karyotype
-messenger
-copies instruction in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA
-transfer
-binds and carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA
-ribosomal
-along with proteins, make up the ribosome
-They also help catalyze the formation of peptide bonds
rRNA
code of instructions for how to make proteins
Genetic Code
“complementary” 3 nucleotides on tRNA
Anticodon
the study of changes in gene expression that are heritable
-different from mutations
Epigenetic
gene expression is a highly regulated process
-turning genes “on” and “off” is critical for cell differentiation
Regulation
