MT 4 Notes Flashcards
(substrate)
substances that are changed during a chemical reaction
Reactant in a Chemical Reaction
substances that are made by a chemical reaction
Product in a Chemical Reaction
build large molecules from smaller ones, requires consuming energy to do it = endersonic
Anabolic
break down larger molecules into simpler compounds, release energy =energonic
Catabolic
absorbs energy (in the form of heat or light)
Ex. Photosynthesis
Endothermic
releases energy (in the form of heat or light)
Ex. cellular respiration
Exothermic
substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered
Catalyst
mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
-metabolic reactions are controlled by this
Enzyme
the amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start
Activation Energy
Enzymes active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape –> loss of biological activity
Denaturation
What are 5 ways to change reaction rates?
Temperature, pH, Substrate Concentration, Catalysts, Competitive Inhibitor
What is the purpose of an enzyme?
to help speed up chemical reactions in our body
What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
Chloroplast
What organism does photosynthesis occur in?
plants, algae, some animals
What is the purpose of Photosynthesis?
the overall process by which sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose
Carbon Dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen + Water
formula for Photosynthesis
Is Photosynthesis Endothermic or Exothermic?
It is endothermic, because it takes in energy from the sun
Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
formula for cellular respiration
The pigment that captures sunlight
Chlorophyll
-requires solar energy
-to capture energy from the sun and store energy in “energy-carrying molecules”
-occurs in the grana where the chlorophyll is stored
Light-Dependent Reaction
-does NOT require any solar energy
-to use the energy from the “energy-carrying molecules” from the light-dependent reaction to make sugar
-occurs in the storm
Light-Independent Reaction
What are the reactants of Light-Independent reactions?
Calvin Cycle: ATP, NADPH, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide
What is the product of Light-Independent Reactions
Glucose
What are the reactants of Light-Dependent Reactions?
Energy from the sun
What are the products of Light-Dependent reactions?
Oxygen, ATP, NADPH, hydrogen
Chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH combine hydrogen (from water) with carbon dioxide to form sugar molecules (glucose)
Calvin Cycle
C6 H12 O6
glucose
Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell functions
ATP
Adenosine diphosphate, it is combined with a phosphate molecule to make ATP
ADP
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, is normally far less abundant in cells due to its immediate reduction to NADPH
NADP
What is the order of the process of Photosynthesis?
Starts off as Light-Dependent by energy from the sun that is passed down the Electron Transport Chain and is stored in the bonds of ATP and NADPH. Then water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is released as a waste product. ATP, NADPH, and hydrogen leave the grana and go into the storma for the next stage. Then it goes through the Calvin cycle and that takes in carbon dioxide and when it is done it releases glucose and NADPH and ATP then the cycle starts all over again.
What organelle does cellular respiration take place in?
Mitochondrion
What Organism does cellular respiration take place in?
nearly all living things
C6H12 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP)
cellular respiration
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to convert chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP
-oxygen is available
-goes through citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and Electron Transport Chain
-36-38 ATP
Aerobic Respiration
-Oxygen is not available
-goes through Fermentation (2 types)
Lactic acid and Alcohol Fermentation
-2-4 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
What are the 2 types of fermentation?
Lactic acid and Alcohol Fermentation
What organisms perform Lactic Acid Fermentation?
occurs in some bacteria and animal cells (muscles)
What organisms perform Alcohol Fermentation?
occurs in yeast
Why is ATP important?
the primary energy source for important biological functions
How is energy released from an ATP molecule?
When one phosphate group is removed
What is the order of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport chain
