MT 3 Notes Flashcards
What are the three main parts of the cell theory?
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the most basic units of life
- All cells come from other cells
What do all cells have?
Genetic material, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
Bacteria
-No nucleus
-No membrane-bound organelles
-binary fission
-unicellular
-made of peptidoglycan
prokaryotic cells
Found In humans, plants, fungi, and protists
-Has a nucleus
-has membrane-bound organelles
-is uni or multicellular
-only fungi and plants have cell membranes, made o chitin or cellulose
eukaryotic cells
controls what goes in and out of the cell
cell membrane
protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell
nucleus
Plant, bacteria, and fungi cells only!
-protect and maintain shape
cell wall
Makes proteins
ribosomes
storage (water, nutrients, and waste)
vacuole
Gets vesicles of proteins from the ER
-processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed
Golgi apparatus
makes lipids (membrane)
smooth ER
makes proteins, packages them for secretion
rough ER
Plant cells only!
-where photosynthesis happens
-converts energy from sun energy to sugar
chloroplast
-where cellular respiration happens
-breaks down food to release energy as ATP
-“powerhouse of the cell”
mitochondria
Animal cells and Bacteria cells only!
-cilia: move fluid across cell’s surface
-flagella: move entire cell’s surface through extracellular fluid
cilia and flagella
Animal cells only!
-appear during cell division
-help cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart
centriole
In Animal cells only!
-breaks down dead stuff (food, bacteria, and old parts of cells)
-can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)
lysosomes
like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell
vesicles
water concentration is lower than cell’s cytoplasm
-water out of the cell and then the cell shrivels
hypertonic solution
water concentration is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm
-water into the cell and then the cell swells
hypotonic solution
identical water concentration to cell’s cytoplasm, cell stays the same
isotonic solution
the output of a system intensifies the response; amplification
ex:
-human child birth
-fruit ripening
positive feedback mechanisms
the output of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point; stabilization
ex:
-human body temperature
-water concentration
negative feedback mechanisms
requires no extra energy
passive transport
requires extra energy
active transport
The spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached; moves down the concentration gradient from high to low concentration
diffusion
a transported protein helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell membrane; high to low concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane; move from high water concentration to low water concentration
osmosis
uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell;
ex. when white blood cells engulf bacteria in order to fight infection
endocytosis
uses vesicles to export materials out of the cell
ex. when nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body
exocytosis
when a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane; moves against the concentration gradient
molecular pumps
Need of organisms to stay stable by regulating internal conditions
homeostasis
What are the steps of mitosis? (IPMATC)
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
the G1, S, and G2 phase happens; cell growth
Interphase
chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids
Prophase
spindle fibers connect to the centrioles; down the middle
Metaphase
sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes; opposite ends
Anaphase
Chromosomes de-condense and start to look like chromatin again; 2 cell membranes
Telophase
the division of cytoplasm into 2 individual cells
Cytokinesis
Why do cells divide?
to grow and repair new cells
undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells
stem cells
What causes cancer?
when cells start dividing uncontrollably and cell cycle regulation breaks down, then cells divide much more often than healthy cells do and forms tumors. biological factors, lifestyle choices, viruses and other infections
What are the 2 types of tumors called?
Benign and Malignant
spreading of disease from one organ to others
metastasize
What is the end result of Mitosis?
2 identical body cells
How do the new daughter cells compare to the original?
The new daughter cells contain the exact same contents as the original cell, there is just 2 of them
How is the cell cycle regulated?
cell cycle is controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops events in the cell cycle
