MT 3 World History Flashcards
a historical process that describes the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations
Globalization
an intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied scientific methods to the study of society and government
-age of reason
Enlightenment
an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency, called for stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, and discouraged imports
Mercantilism
a person who went against the Catholic Church
Protestant
the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between eastern and western hemispheres
-New World and Old World
Columbian Exchange
=rebirth
a flowering of culture, based on classical greek and roman ideas, that began in Italy in around 1300 and later spread throughout Europe
Renaissance
to collect/distribute revenue and otherwise administer the states government and military affairs, complex bureaucracies arose
-managed voyages of exploration
Bureaucracy
the notion that a ruler’s power is derived from God and can’t be questioned
-a justification for an absolute monarchy, ruler’s power must be considered be granted by God
Divine Right Theory
a religious penalty that excludes someone from a religious community or church
Excommunication
the process of adopting Western culture, including values, technology, and institutions, by societies outside of Western Europe
Westernization
a reform movement of the 1500’s that split the Catholic Church and gave birth to the Protestant religion
Reformation
a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific assumptions
Scientific Method
the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies
Middle Passage
a system of rule in which a monarch or other ruler enjoys unlimited power
Absolutism
Spanish conqueror of America
Conquistadors
the native language of people, religion, or country
Vernacular
traveling around the entire Earth
Circumnavigate
the military advances that resulted from the development of gunpowder weaponry
Gunpowder Revolution
a Russian emperor
Czar
a peasant farmer bound to the land with no political representation of social rights
Serf
a sold pardon by a priest
-released sinners from punishment
Indulgences
a colonial pattern of trade that involved the transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas, sugar and other products from the Americas to Europe, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa
Triangle Trade
-said the famous French quote that means I am the state
Louis XIV
-Czar of Russia
-created a strict uniform of laws
-fought feudalism
-created boyars
-was a cruel Tyrant
-nicknamed ____ the terrible
-terrorized Russian society
Ivan IV of Russia
-_____ the Great
-visited Europe and wanted to make Russia into a modern nation
-Opened Russia to Western Europe by the Window to the West
-New uniform for men
-New education
Peter I of Russia
-The Divine Comedy
-Writer
-Classical Latin
-promoted the use of Italian to make learning to a wider audience
Dante Alighieri
-The Prince
-Writer
-had political themes
-offered highly practical advice to rulers
Niccolò Machiavelli
-artist
-Mona Lisa
-true renaissance man
Leonardo da Vinci
-artist
-ceiling of Sistine Chapel
-La Pieta and the Statue of David
-remarkable for their realism
Michelangelo
-German white man
-spoke out on what Catholic Church was doing wrong
-95 theses
-Created Lutheranism
Martin Luther
-Julius Caesar
-themes of classical culture
-writer in English
William Shakespeare
-founded Anglicanism
-broke apart from Catholic Church when they didn’t let him divorce his wife
Henry VIII of England
-Italian Scientist
-created the telescope and supported heliocentric theory
-was burned at the stake by the Church because of his beliefs
Galileo Galilei
-English Scientist
-created the principles of laws of gravity and motion
Isaac Newton
-French Scientist
-skilled at math and logic
-believed that human reason could be used to solve complex problems
Rene Descartes
-English Scientist
-emphasized the value of experinmentation
Francis Bacon
-Swedish Scientist
-developed a system to classify plants and animals by scientific type
Carl Linnaeus
-British Philosopher
-philosophies inspired the U.S. Declaration of Independence
-favored constitutional monarchy
John Locke
-Scottish philosopher
-The Wealth of Nations
-laid foundations for modern economics
-believed a free market is run by competition and self interest
Adam Smith
-French Philosopher
-Had strong ideas for Gov.
-Believed people are corrupted by society
-gov. is necessary and to be governed by the will of people
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-Spanish explorer
-trade and discovery
-traveled to Mexico and learned of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortes
-French Philosopher
-The spirit of the Laws
-made the case for a 3 point gov.
-separation of powers: executive, legislative, and judicial
Baron de Montesquieu
-Portuguese explorer
-first to sail around the whole world for England
-found a route to get to the spice islands
Ferdinand Magellan
-Italian explorer
-1492, sailed to America thinking he was in the Indies
-discovered the Bahamas and Cuba
Christopher Columbus
-Portuguese explorer
-1498, reached India, later becomes a well-traveled route
Vasco da Gama
How was Louis XIV an absolute ruler?
he had complete control over France, including military, taxes, laws, and religion
Why was Ivan IV nicknamed “The Terrible”?
-was a cruel tyrant
-would kill people for insane things
-uniform code of laws
What ways did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great westernized Russia?
-Opened up Russia to Western Europe
-New dress code
-New schools, academy, science
-built factories and roads, professional army
Window to the west
-Enlightenment
What ended the Romanov Dynasty?
They were executed
What caused the renaissance to start in Italy?
-City-states (money, education, and non-monarchial)
-Wealthy from trade and commerce
-was in the middle of the Mediterranean which allowed for lots of trade
-origins of classical Greek and Roman culture
How did literature and art change during the renaissance?
-literature changed by incorporating new languages so then everyone could learn
-it focused more on humanism, realism, and individualism
What were the “issues” that Martin Luther had against the Catholic Church?
-95 theses
-he believed that some of the Catholic Church’s views were wrong
-including the indulgences, authority of the pope, and role of priests
What did the Catholic Church do to counteract the Reformation and bring back followers?
-they tried to revive and defend catholicism
-end sales of indulgences, improve education for priests, impose more discipline
-renew missionary activity
-built new churches
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
-geo: Earth, the idea that Earth is the center of the solar system
-helio: Sun, the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system, with earth and other planets around it
What are the steps to the scientific method?
- you have a problem
- form a hypothesis
- conduct an experiment
- record your data
- analyze your data to confirm your hypothesis is correct
Why is the enlightenment a direct product of the scientific revolution?
-allows people to apply the scientific method to society, government, and religion
an agreement between individuals in a society to give up some of their natural freedoms in exchange for the protection of their fundamental “natural rights” like life, liberty, and property, with the understanding that the government is obligated to uphold these rights
Locke’s social contract and natural rights
How are the Enlightenment philosophers linked to the creation of the United States?
their ideas about natural rights, consent of the governed, and the right to revolution heavily influenced the Founding Fathers
Why did Europeans start to explore?
to find new routes and access to the riches of Asia, spices and silk
Which countries were heavily invested in exploration in the 15th century?
Spain, Portugal
agreement that split all not-yet-explored lands between Spain and Portugal
-gave Spain all rights to the lands west of the line and Portugal rights east of the line
Treaty of Tordesillas
What areas were claimed/explored by the Spanish?
West Indies, Mexico, Central America, South America
What areas were claimed/explored by the Portuguese?
Brazil, West Africa, Asia
What areas were claimed/explored by the English?
Americas (colonies)
What areas were claimed/explored by the French?
Canada, colonies in America
What areas were claimed/explored by the Dutch?
Caribbean, colonies in America
What was the purpose of creating colonies?
to gain economic benefits, access to new resources, trade opportunities, potential wealth
What are the positive and negative effects of European exploration in the New World?
Pros: intro to new crops and animals, boosted global trade
Cons: devastated indigenous populations through disease and violent conquest, slaves, cultural disruption
What are the products of the Columbian Exchange?
-food such as: corn potatoes, beans, squashes, avocados, tomatoes, chili peppers, and cocoa
-plants and animals such as: peaches, oranges, bananas, sugar cane, coffee, cows, pigs, and sheep
What is the philosophy of mercantilism?
an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency, called for stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, and discouraged imports
the devastation of American Indian populations by diseases brought from Europe
Great Dying
an economic system in which all resources are privately owned and markets determined how those resources are distributed
Capitalism
a person willing to take the risks involved in starting or running a business
Entrepreneurs
-Geneva
-created Calvinism
John Calvin
Gold and Silver
Bullion
Gold and Silver
Bullion
Russia’s landowning nobility
Boyars
territory gained from Sweden in St. Petersburg
Window to the West
fear of foreigners
Xenophobia
-Spanish explorer
-captured the Incan’s
-looted the city of gold and silver
Francisco Pizarro
