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Pediatric Boards > [MS] Cardiology > Flashcards

[MS] Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What pathology is indicated with a persistent, widely split S2 heart sound?

A

ASD, RBBB, or pulmonic stenosis

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2
Q

What pathology is indicated with a paradoxically split S2 heart sound?

A

Severe aortic stenosis or LBBB

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3
Q

What heart sound is almost always abnormal?

A

S4

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4
Q

What kinds of heart murmurs increase with the Valsalva maneuver?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or obstructive left-sided heart lesions

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5
Q

What is the calculation for heart rate from the ECG?

A

1500 / RR interval

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6
Q

What syndrome is associated with a prolonged QT interval, syncope, and hearing loss?

A

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

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7
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities cause a prolonged QT interval?

A

Hypocalcemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypokalemia

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8
Q

What are the electrocardiographic findings associated with Brugada syndrome?

A

RV conduction delay

ST elevation in leads V1 to V3

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9
Q

What electrolyte abnormality can cause a shortened QT interval?

A

Hypercalcemia

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of pediatric cardiac chest pain?

A

Pericarditis

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11
Q

What disease causes elevated ST segments in all ECG leads?

A

Pericarditis

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12
Q

What is the normal duration of the QRS interval?

A

Less than 120ms

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13
Q

What are the electrocardiographic findings associated with Mobitz I (Wenckebach phenomenon)?

A

Progressive prolonging of the PR interval until there is a drop in the QRS

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14
Q

What is the classic ECG finding associated with a right bundle branch block?

A

“Rabbit ears” of lead V1

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15
Q

What types of children typically develop sick sinus syndrome?

A

Those that underwent atrial surgery such as ASD closure or Fontan procedure

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16
Q

What drug can precipitate heart failure in patients with atrial flutter?

A

Verapamil

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17
Q

What is the treatment for patients with unstable supraventricular tachycardia?

A

DC Cardioversion

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18
Q

What is the treatment for patients in atrial flutter/fibrillation who have known Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

IV Procainamide

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19
Q

What is the preferred treatment for stable patients with ventricular tachycardia?

A

Amiodarone

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20
Q

What is a known side effect of Procainamide?

A

Drug-induced Lupus

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21
Q

What electrolyte disturbances typically exacerbate Digoxin toxicities?

A

Low potassium

High calcium

22
Q

What is the most common congenital heart lesion?

A

VSD`

23
Q

What congenital heart lesion is associated with Lithium?

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

24
Q

What genetic diseases are classically associated with pulmonic stenosis?

A

Noonan syndrome, Alagille syndrome

25
Q

What genetic diseases are classically associated with a VSD?

A

Apert syndrome, Cri-du-chat syndrome, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13

26
Q

What is a primary indication for closure of a VSD?

A

If shunts result in twice the normal amount of pulmonary blood flow

27
Q

What is an important sequelae of long-term, unrepaired atrial septal defects?

A

Eisenmenger syndrome

28
Q

What is the most common congenital heart lesion of Trisomy 21?

A

Endocardial cushion defect

29
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation, both worldwide and in the US?

A

Worldwide - Rheumatic Fever

US - Mitral Valve Prolapse

30
Q

What medications act as cardiac afterload reducers?

A

ACE Inhibitors

Hydralazine

31
Q

What positions can increase the murmur heard with mitral valve prolapse?

A

Sitting or Standing

32
Q

What is the second most common of the congenital cardiac defects?

A

Pulmonic stenosis

33
Q

What is a critical indication to start PGE1 therapy in neonates?

A

Critical pulmonary stenosis

34
Q

What is the cause of the majority of cases of congenital aortic stenosis?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

35
Q

What is the next step to perform if a child with known aortic stenosis presents with syncope?

A

Cardiac catheterization, balloon angioplasty, or surgery

36
Q

What happens to the murmur of aortic stenosis when children squat?

A

The sound with increase, which is opposite of what happens with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

37
Q

What syndrome is associated with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis?

A

Williams syndrome

38
Q

What syndrome is associated with true interruption of the aortic arch?

A

DiGeorge syndrome – use FISH analysis to look for 22q11 mutation

39
Q

What are major complications that children with unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot experience?

A

Brain abscesses
Cerebral Thrombosis
Infective Endocarditis

40
Q

What antenatal medication is typically used in infants with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Prostaglandin E1

41
Q

By what age should patient’s with Tetralogy of Fallot receive correction?

A

6 to 12 months, if not earlier

42
Q

What congenital heart defects present with a left axis deviation?

A

Ostium Primum ASD
Complete AV Canal
Tricuspid Atresia

43
Q

What form of TAPVR is associated with more severe pulmonary edema and cyanosis?

A

Subdiaphragmatic form

44
Q

What congenital heart lesion is associated with a “figure 8” or a “snowman” on chest x-ray?

A

TAPVR

45
Q

What is Beck’s triad and what is it associated with?

A

Increased jugular venous pressure with inspiration, dropping systolic blood pressures, and muffled heart sounds, all associated with Cardiac Tamponade

46
Q

What medications are inotropic agents?

A

Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, Milrinone, and Digoxin

47
Q

What are the symptoms of acute digoxin toxicity?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, color-vision change, confusion, vertigo, and arrhythmias

48
Q

What complication is associated with loop diuretic use in premature infants?

A

Nephrocalcinosis

49
Q

What is a rare side effect of Spironolactone use?

A

Gynecomastia

50
Q

What concerning diagnosis is associated with a sharp, “tearing” chest pain in patients with Marfan’s or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes?

A

Aortic Dissection

Pediatric Boards (15 decks)

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