Mr. Hozey is Crazy! Flashcards
. By the 1910s, reformers from Republican and Democratic Parties were calling themselves ______________
Progressives;
in 1912 _____________ formed their own party. Historians have used the term Progressivism to refer to the era’s spirit, while disagreeing over its meaning and over which groups and individuals actually were Progressive.
Progressives
Three goals of Progressive reforms
- wanted to end abuses of power.
- wished to supplant corrupt power with
humane institutions, such as schools, courts, and medical clinics - to establish bureaus of experts who would end wasteful competition and promote social and economic order.
ending abuse of power, protecting the
welfare of all classes, reforming social institutions, and promoting bureaucratic and scientific efficiency—
Progressive goals—
___________ - (after a character in the Puritan allegory Pilgrim’s Progress, who, rather than looking heavenward at beauty, looked downward and raked the muck)
muckrakers
fed public tastes for scandal by exposing social, economic, and political
wrongs.
Muck-
rakers
included Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906), exposing outrages of the meatpacking
industry; and Ida M. Tarbell’s disparaging history of Standard Oil (first published in
McClure’s, 1902–1904).
muckraking works
founder of a Boston department store,
E. A. Filene,
the largest women’s organization of its time.
Christian Temperance Union (WCTU),
. , an influential boss in New York City’s
Tammany Hall political machine,
Big Tim Sullivan
led by the Protestant ministers Walter Rauschenbusch, Washington
Gladden, and Charles Sheldon countered competitive capitalism by interjecting
Christian churches into worldly matters, such as arbitrating industrial harmony and
improving the environment of the poor.
Social Gospel,
Politically, many socialists united behind , the American Railway
Union organizer who drew nearly 100,000 votes as the Socialist presidential candi-
date in 1900.
Eugene V. Debs
–minded Russell Sage Foundation and
the business-oriented National Civic Foundation, took
up the cause.
the social reform
: the direct primary originated in ____________;
North Carolina
the city-commission plan arose in
Galveston,Texas;
the city-manager plan began in
Staunton,Virginia.
Defenders of _____________ opposed regulatory measures, believing government programs undermined the initiative and competition basic to a free-market system
free enterprise
___________ ___________ in
northern cities kept blacks and whites apart in separate programs and buildings.
. Settlement houses
. In the West,
California governor ___________ ____________ attacked business and political corruption and inspired state laws regulating utilities and child labor and initiating workers’ compensation for state employees.
Hiram Johnson
Wisconsin’s Robert M. La Follette
was one of the most dynamic Progressive governors.
A small-town lawyer, rose through the state Republican Party to become governor in 1900. There, he initiated direct primaries, more equitable taxes, and railroad regulation. After three terms as governor, he became a U.S. senator.
La Follette
- provides for the direct election of U.S.senators, replacing election by state legislatures.
Seventeenth Amendment
(ratified in 1919 and implemented in1920), outlawing the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors..
Eighteenth Amendment
_____________ of evolution challenged belief in a God-created world; immigration created complex social diversity; and technology made old production habits obsolete.
Darwin’s theory
asserted that schools needed to prepare children for a modern world by making personal development the focus of the curriculum.
G. Stanley Hall and the philosopher John Dewey,
stressed that learning should involve real-life problems and that children should be taught to use ingenuity to control their environments.
Dewey’s The School and Society (1899) and Democracy and Education (1916),
Harvard University, pioneered new teaching methods and substituted electives for required courses.
President Charles W. Eliot,
Separate women’s medical schools, such as the ______________, trained numerous female physicians,
Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia
The Harvard law professor led the attack on the traditional view of law as universal and unchanging.
Roscoe Pound and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., associate justice of the Supreme Court between 1902 and 1932,
, a lawyer who later joined Holmes on the Supreme Court, insisted that
judges’ opinions be based on scientifically gathered information about social
realities.
. Louis D.Brandeis
in1905 the Supreme Court, in ____________________, revoked a New York law limiting bakers’ working hours
.
Lochner v. New York
protected an individual’s right to make contracts without government interference.
Fourteenth Amendment
the SupremeCourt sustained a Utah law regulating miners’ working hours, confirmed the use of state police power to protect health, safety, and morals.
Holden v. Hardy
Judges also affirmed federal
police power and Congress’s authority over interstate commerce by upholding fed-
eral legislation, such as the (three acts)
Pure Food and Drug Act,
the Meat Inspection Act, and
the Mann Act.
The study of society and its institutions—
Social science
- like other Progressives, believed that the Constitution was a flexible document. His
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913) argued that a group of merchants and business-oriented lawyers created the Constitution to defend private property.
Beard,
founded in 1899 by Florence Kelley, joined physicians and social scientists to secure far-reaching Progressive reforms.
National Consumers League (NCL), -
- They urged city governments to fund neighborhood clinics providing medical care to the poor.
National Consumers League (NCL),
the application of biological natural selection and survival of the fittest to human interactions
Social Darwinism -
But another movement, ________ sought to apply Darwinian principles more intrusively,
eugenics,
rested on the belief that human character and habits could be inherited, specifically bad traits, such as criminality, insanity, and feeblemindedness. Eugenicists believed society had an obligation to prevent the reproduction of the mentally defective and the criminally inclined, by prohibiting such people from marrying and, in extreme cases, by sterilizing them.
eugenics -
Supported by American notables as Alexander Graham Bell, Margaret Sanger, and W. E. B. Du Bois, ________ was discredited, especially after it became a linchpin of Nazi racial policies
Eugenics -
What bolstered theories that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe threatened to weaken American society because they were inferior mentally and morally to earlier Nordic immigrants.
Madison Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race (1916) -
In the 1920s, ________________ closed the door to “new” immigrants.
– restrictive legalization
A New Englander and the first black to receive a Ph.D. degree from Harvard, he was both a Progressive and a member of the black elite.
- Du Bois
The organization aimed to end racial discrimination, prevent lynching, and obtain voting rights through legal redress in the courts.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
In 1911, however, middle-class Indians broke with white-led organizations and formed their own association, to work for better education, civil rights, and healthcare.
the Society of American Indians (SAI),
named after a nineteenth-century New York moral reformer— Margaret Sanders which had banned the distribution of information about sex and contraception. In 1921 she formed the American Birth Control League,
Comstock laws—
Blatch’s chief goal was
the improvement of women’s working conditions.
the assassination of by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz vaulted Theodore Roosevelt, the young vice president, into the White House. He would become the nation’s most forceful president since Lincoln, one who bestowed the office with much of its twentieth-century character.
President William McKinley
Public outrage flared in 1906 when _____________________ published The Jungle, a fictional-
ized exposé of Chicago meatpacking plants.
Upton Sinclair
In 1907 a ________________ caused by reckless speculation forced some New York banks to close to prevent frightened depositors from withdrawing money -
financial panic
which legalized the federal income tax,
16th amendment
which provided for direct election of U.S. senators, were initiated during Taft’s presidency (and ratified in 1913)
Seventeenth Amendment -
It corrected deficiencies of the Sherman Anti-
Trust Act of 1890 by outlawing such practices as price discrimination
Clayton Anti-Trust Act and a bill creating the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC).
which mandated eight-hour workdays and time-and-a-half overtime pay for railroad workers
Adamson Act, -
