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Neuro Week 1 > Motor System + Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Motor System + Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two locations for lower motor neurons?

A

ventral horn of SC and cranial nerve motor nuclei of brainstem

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2
Q

what part of brain houses nuclei of lower motor neurons for the cranial nerves?

A

brainstem

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3
Q

are lower motor neurons the final common pathway for voluntary, involuntary or both?

A

Both movements

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4
Q

what is the corticobulbar tract?

A

runs from cortex and synapses in brainstem to lead to innervation of cranial nerves

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5
Q

early upper motor neuron injury leads to what?

A

paralysis/weakness

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6
Q

late upper motor neuron syndrome leads to what?

A

babinski sign
muscle spasticity
hyperactive reflexes
no muscle atrophy

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7
Q

lower motor neuron syndrome leads to what clinically?

A

hyporeflexive
flaccid paralysis
atrophy
fibrillations/fasciculation

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8
Q

what are fibrillations/fasciculations?

A

spontaneous muscle twitches

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9
Q

what region of the brain is important for movement inhibition and coordinates with the motor tracts?

A

basal ganglia

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10
Q

what region of the brain is important for balance and coordination and coordinates with the motor tracts?

A

cerebellum

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11
Q

name the five parts of the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus 
substantis nigra
subthalamic nucleus
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12
Q

where does the basal ganglia receive input?

A

cortex

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13
Q

where does the basal ganglia output go?

A

thalamus

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14
Q

what makes up the striatum in the basal ganglia?

A

caudate and putamen

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15
Q

where is the caudate located in coronal cross section of brain?

A

just lateral to the lateral ventricles

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16
Q

the caudate and putamen make up what in the basal ganglia?

A

striatum

17
Q

the cortex stimulates what in the basal ganglia to initiate response?

A

striatum

18
Q

what Nt does the cortex use to stimulate the striatum in the basal ganglia?

A

glutamate

19
Q

what are the two pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

indirect and direct

20
Q

the goal of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia is what?

A

to allow movement

21
Q

the goal of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia is what?

A

to inhibit movement

22
Q

what is the baseline action of the thalamus?

A

to inhibit the motor function at rest

23
Q

what is the baseline action of the globus pallidus internus and pars reticulatum on the thalamus?

A

to increase thalamic inhibition of the cortex

24
Q

what are the two parts of the globus pallidus?

A

globus pallidus internus

globus pallidus externus

25
Q

what are the two parts of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglis?

A

pars reticulata

pars compacta

26
Q

what does the striatum do in the direct basal ganglia pathway when it is activated?

A

inactivates the globus pallidus internus and pars reticulata

27
Q

what Nt does the striatum use in the direct pathway to inhibit the pars reticulata and the globus pallidus internus?

A

GABA

28
Q

in the direct pathway, with the inhibition of the globus pallidus internus and the pars reticulata, what does this allow for from the thalamus?

A

thalamus is no longer inhibited by these and can increase motor movement in the cortex

29
Q

what is the modifier of the indirect and direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

cortex stimulates the pars compacta to dump dopamine on the striatum of the basal ganglia

30
Q

what is the dopamine receptor used by the direct pathway in the basal ganglia on the striatum?

A

D1

31
Q

what is the dopamine receptor used by the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia on the striatum?

A

D2

32
Q

once the striatum is activated by glutamate in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, what occurs?

A

inhibition of the globus pallidus externus using GABA

33
Q

what Nt does the indirect pathway use to inhibit globus pallidus externus?

A

GABA

34
Q

what is the normal function of the globus pallidus externus?

A

to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus

35
Q

what is the normal role of the subthalamic nucleus?

A

to stimulate the globus pallidus internus

36
Q

when the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia inhibits the globus pallidus externus what happens to the subthalamic nucleus?

A

it is no longer inhibited and can lead to more stimulation of the globus pallidus internus

37
Q

more activation of the globus pallidus internus by the decreased inhibition of the subthalamic nuclei in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia leads to what in the thalamus?

A

more inhibition of the thalamus

38
Q

does the D2 receptor in the striatum that receives input from the pars compacta lead to stimulation or inhibition of the indirect pathway?

A

inhibition of the indirect pathway

Neuro Week 1 (10 decks)

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