MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Boys and Girl Diff.
-Body size?
________
-Anatomy?
________
-Physiological functioning ?
________
-societal factors
_________
- No
- not significant
- no
- upbringing differences
name?
Secondary aging
________________________
- stimulus- tilt infant
- response- infant moves head to stay upright
- time - 2 to 12 month
LABYRINTHINE RIGHTING REFLEX
The number of health problems experienced by the individual
Physical condition
If you get heart disease, does exercise help?
The standard group had 796 deaths while the exercise group had 759 deaths. So yes it does help but only 1/4 maintained the exercise programs.
Periods of growth sports
Saltation
The voluntary use of the hands in manipulating objects
Prehension
____________________________
- stimulus-turn infants head
- response-same side limbs extend,
- opposite limbs flex
- lost around 6 months
ASYMMETRICAL TONIC NECK REFLEX
________________:
- parental & family interactions
- dietary factors
- educational opportunities
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
A complicated series of movements that resemble certain voluntary ambulatory motions such as crawling, walking, or even swimming.
Locomotor reflexes
A tough but flexible tissue
Cartilage
_______________________
- assist infant in maintaining posture (head or body position) in a changing environment
- birth to one year, sometimes in adulthood
POSTURAL REFLEXES
Areas of bone growth after birth occurring near the end of the shaft.
Secondary ossification centers
What were the other stages recognized when it comes to the Middle Age Concept ?
- Emergence of Adolescence
- Emergence of Late Adulthood
________________:
- age related increase in capacities and skill.
- development is a function of all of the above.
DEVELOPMENT
The increase in the functional capacity of an individual (or a body part) without necessarily an increase in growth.
Maturation
Significant advances in locomotion that lead to adult walking behavior.
Walking behaviors milestones
_____________________:
- stimulus-object placed on palms
- response- hand grasps object with firm grip then lets go
- lost by 12 months
GRASP REFLEXES
_________________:
-Quantitative increase in size of the body parts
Def. - a quantitative increase in the size of certain anatomical structure.
GROWTH
Periods of no growth
Stasis
The Earliest movements are _____________Movements and reflexes
- these movements are movements of the leg and arm that occur without apparent stimulation.
- May serve as a foundation for later voluntary movement.
Spontaneous Movement
Assist the infant in maintaining posture (i.e. head or body position) in a changing environment.
Postural reflexes
The Importance of studying the Elderly is called?
Gerontology
Ambulatory of the whole body.
Locomotion
______________:
-Increase in the functional use of a body part
MATURATION
The increase in life expectancy from birth a population of people over the last several centuries
Secular trend in life expectancy
Located within the mid-portions of long bones such as the femur and humerus where the beginning of ossification occurs.
Primary ossification centers
Involves the reaching for and occasional contact with objects
Prereaching
___________________:
Different subjects studied at one period of time.
EX.- study children from each age group 1 to 15 years of age at the same time
STRENGTH
-large amounts of data can be gathered in a short time.
WEAKNESSES
-less information on individual subjects
Cross-sectional
________________:
-Relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice.
LEARNING
The infants use vision to guide their hands to the object.
Visually guided reaching
____________________:
Is the average age that all but a few individuals decease
Average life span
____________________
- stimulus- hold infants in upright position on flat surface
- response stepping movements
- lost usually by 5-6 months
STEPPING REFLEX
______________________:
The number of years free of disability in ones life.
Active life expectancy
_______________:
-same subjects studied over long periods of time
-Ex> Following 50 children’s growth patterns every year for 15 years.
STRENGTH
-provides great deal of data of individual growth and development changes
WEAKNESSES:
Time and resources… has a high potential loss of subjects
LONGITUDINAL
The average number of years of life remaining for a population of people, usually expressed from birth.
Life expectancy
The motor milestones of crawling and creeping
Pre-walking behaviors
____________________
- Stimulus-loud noise, sudden loss of support, bumping of crib.
- response- leg draw up, arms extend and then retract, back arches
- if not present at birth-possible brain damage.
- lost at 3-6 months but can appear in modified from even in adult
MORO REFLEX (OR STARTLE REFLEX)
Related to the individual’s own perceptions and feelings about his or her health.
Subjective health status
The max age any member of a species or race of people can live presumably set by biological limits
Maximum life span
Use of at least two separate groups of subjects differing in age.
Cross sectional design
A condition that results from a lack of the mineral calcium, which leaves bones more susceptible to injury.
Osteoporosis
What are todays view of Developmental stages ? STAGES specifically.
-Prenatal
-embryo
-fetus
-neonate
-infancy
-childhood
-Early Childhood
Late Childhood
-adolescent
-girls
-boys
When it comes to the physiological decrements with aging of the elderly, stiffness increases in connective tissue-
Decreases in mobility and flexibility
The period of growth the human fetus
Gestation
Difference between males and females
Gender difference
The changes in the capacities and skill level of the individual with age.
Development
Is the change of height smooth and linear ?
Linear
- toddler boys permitted and encouraged for vigorous _______ but girls are discouraged and sometimes ___________
Play
Punished
When is the highest velocity of growth?
0-1 years
State that there is no single cause of the aging process
Multiple factor theories
The study of the aging process
Gerontology
Rapid infant reaching movements where visions not required until the hand is close to the object.
Visually elicited behavior
The number of cell divisions that may be “programmed” into the cells genetic code.
Hayflick limit
A process of physical changes in which a child’s body mature into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization
Puberty
Depends on at least three major elements of the individual: the physical condition, the functional condition, and the subject health status of the individual
Physical health
Are those primarily under the control of the lower brain centers and can elicited in utero (within the womb) or in premature infants.
Primitive reflexes
What are the three categories of Reflexes ?
- primitive
- postural
- locomotor
The location of bone growth
Epipsheal plates
What are todays view of Developmental stages ?
AGE specifically.
- conception to birth
- 2 to 8 weeks
- 8 weeks to birth
- birth to 4 weeks
- birth to 1 year
- 1 to 10 years
- 1 to 6 years
- 6 to 10 years
- 8 to 20 years
- 8-10 to 18 years
- 8-12 to 20 years
By year 2040, elderly (65 years and older) could make up to _________ of the US Population
20%
______________________:
The use of two hands in manipulating an object
Biannual prehension
In terms of exercise helping extend life it does actual help extend life but what actually extends life by 35-80% longer ?
Caloric Restriction
Sex differences in motor performance & physiological functioning.
-Boys better than girls between ages of 5-12(until puberty)
-various ball skills
-batting
-catching
-kicking
-throwing
Jumping
Running speed
-but not- fine coordination and flexibility
When it comes to the physiological decrements with aging of the elderly, bone mineral loss will?
Increase risk of fracture
__________________:
- time and resources…..
- has a high potential loss of subjects
WEAKNESSES
The decline in function prior to death in the absence of disease or injury, of the cells, organs, and various physiological systems.
Primary aging
_________________
-involuntary response to a particular stimulus.
REFLEX
Propose that aging is the result of deterioration of any number of physiological systems in the body such as the cardiovascular, immune, or nervous system.
Macroscopic theories
State that the basis for the aging process is at the cellular level of the organism.
Microscopic theories
Significant age related changes in aging
Stage of development
__________________:
- A set of quantities that are relatively fixed at birth.
- and tend to set limits of certain characteristics.
HEREDITY
______________________
- under control by lower brain centers
- elicited in uterO or in premature infants
- allow for movement in uterO, proper placement for birth
- most persist between 2 weeks to one year
PRIMITIVE REFLEXES
Examines an individual (or group individuals) over an extended period.
Longitudinal design
The ability of the individual to perform so-called activities of daily living (ADL), such as bathing, dressing, climbing stairs, rising from a chair, and so form
Functional condition
A large set of variables such as parental and family interactions, dietary factors, and educational opportunities
Environmental influences
_____________________:
- reflexes have a functional purpose.
- indicator of maturity and soundness of infants nervous system.
- strength of reflex not correlated with future motor skill.
- may also serve as a foundation for future voluntary movements
Characteristics of reflexes
What is the Middle Ages Concept ?
- Phase consisting of Infancy & Adult
- Ages consisting of Birth to age 7 & 7 to death
