EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
____________________
- energy due to motion of the body
KINETIC
_________________
- capacity of doing work
- due to the position
- or configuration of a body
POTENTIAL
A soccer ball at the top of a stair case has what type of energy?______________
If the soccer ball falls down the stairs what energy is being produced?______________
- POTENTIAL
- KINECTIC
Energy is conserved
-energy can be transformed from one form or type to another.
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
What are the different forms of Energy ?
- MECHANICAL
- CHEMICAL
- ELECTRICAL
- THERMAL
- Energy conversions are NOT perfect
- some energy lost during each conversion
2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy stored as potential chemical energy….
-_____________
Metabolism refers to the energy conversions…..
-____________
- in chemical bonds
- required for all actions
What are the Two Types of Metabolism ?
CATABOLISM
ANABOLISM
_______________
Breakdown of molecules for the release of energy
CATABOLISM
______________
Formation of larger molecules from smaller ones
ANABOLISM
______________(has become a slang term for kcal
- (def) energy required to raise 1 kilogram (1 liter)
- of water by…. 1 dog C (14.5 to 15.5) … or Kilojoule
- (Deg) energy required to move one kilogram by a force of one Newton.
CALORIES
> 1 kcal = _______
1 g carbohydrates = ________
1 g fat = __________
1 G protein = __________
> 4.2kJ
4 kcal
9 Kcal
4 kcal
How many calories are found in 1 egg = ______
How many calories are found in 1 slice of bread (25 g or .9oz) _________
80 calories
70 calories
What is the recommended Daily Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Females (19-22 yrs, 55 kg or 121lbs)?
1700-2500 kcal
What is the Recommended Daily Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Males (19–22 yrs, 70kg or 154 lb) ?
2500-3300 kcal
____________________
-the energy’s requirement of an awake person during absolute rest. (Usually less than 1000 kcal per day, depending on body size)
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
A person that is sedentary most of the day caloric intake should be around ?
1800 Kcal Per Day
An endurance athlete’s BMR is between _________________ per day!!!!
6-10,000kcal
Energy Expenditure During Exercise
Activity Kcal per min. Per hr.
>aerobic Dance. ____. _____
Kcal per min
>6 >360
___________ increases metabolic rate after exercise
HEAT
__________ can occur due to water loss and lean body mass.
WEIGHT LOSS
When it comes to starvation diets lean body mass is usually lost with this diet. Many potential active side effects are?
>
>
>
Arrhythmia (irregular heart beat)
Anemia (loss of red blood cells)
Hypotension (Low blood pressure)
When it comes to Recommended weight loss program parameter should first and foremost be a__________________________________________________.
A combination of caloric reduction and an increase in physical activity.
With only ________________, lean body mass is reduced and metabolic rate actually slows down.
CALORIC REDUCTION
___________ increases metabolic rate.
EXERCISE
The body’s main fuel source ?
ATP - ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
________ is catabolized for energy production and is responsible for all cellular work.
ATP
Adenosine + Pi + Energy + Pi =
Muscle Contraction
Nerve Conduction
Hormone Secretion
The breakdown of ATP near the ___________ &____________ molecules provide the energy required for muscle contraction.
ACTIN &MYOSIN
_____________ sources can only sustain muscle contraction for a few seconds
IMMEDIATE ENERGY
What are the three Energy Sources?
HYDROLYSIS
REPHOSPHORYLATION
& MYOKINASE REACTION
__________________
ATP+H20————>ADP + Pi + Energy
ATPase
HYDROLYSIS
______________- protein facilitating
ATPase (enzyme)
_____________________________
CP + ADP ———————> C + ATP
This formula above creates CREATINE KINASE
REPHOSPHORYLATION
_____________________
ADP + ADP —————————> ATP +AMP
This formula above creates______________
- MYOKINASE REACTION
2. MYOKINASE
What is this process below ?
I——————————-l
I. V Glycogen Glucose——> 2 ATP +LACTIC ACID (Muscle/liver)
^.
I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_I Non-
Oxidative glycolysis
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
What are the different training techniques ?
- OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE
- SPECIFICITY OF TRAINING
- PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING
- INTERVAL TRAINING
- ENDURANCE TRAINING
_______________________
- exercise body above and beyond what it is accustomed to (stress)
- leads to physiological adaptations with greater functional capacity
OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE
____________________
-Only those systems or body parts exercised will make adaptations
Ex. Improving arm strength will not improve leg strength
-However some carry over from cardiovascular conditioning from running to cycling.
- some Bilateral transfer effect has been shown-probably a neural contribution
SPECIFICITY OF TRAINING
____________________
Gradual increase in stress level over some extended time period optimizes adaptations and reduces likelihood of injury.
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING
_________________________
INtense periods of exercise followed by rest
-allows for more intense effort
-also, time for fatigue effects to dissipate.
INTERVAL TRAINING
______________________
- Continuous activity at more moderate intensity over long time periods.
- between 60-80% of maximal heart rate.
ENDURANCE TRAINING
Training techniques to improve the energy sources, Immediate Energy Sources -
1.
2.
-Strength training
-Hypertrophy
(-Muscle contractions more forceful)
What are other Non-Oxidative Sources?
- INTERVAL TRAINING
- PERHAPS IMPROVES ABILITY TO REMOVE LACTIC ACID
What are some Oxidative Energy Sources in terms of training techniques to improve the energy Sources?
ENDURANCE AND INTERVAL TRAINING
In terms of Oxidative Energy Sources, Endurance and interval Training does what?
-Increase of mitochondrial mass either increases in number or interconnections between them. Greatly facilitating metabolism fo fats and removal of lactic acid.
________________________
- the greater the rate of energy expenditure the shorter the life span no support for this theory.
The Rate-of Living Theory
Bed rest and inactivity cause negative side effects, what are they?
- decrease in maximal stroke vol.
- decrease in coronary blood flow.
- decrease in maximum oxygen consumption
- increase in resting heart rate.
What are 3 different types of Heart Disease?
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
____________________
- more than a 1/2 of million Americans die every year
- another 3.5 million suffer some incapacitation
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
______________________
Hardening of the arteries due to calcium deposits
Arteriosclerosis
______________________
-Blockage of arteries by lipids and other matter.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
What Surgical treatment for Atherosclerosis executes a small balloon which is inflated inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area?
BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
______________________
The blocked area inside the artery is shaved away by a tiny device on the end of a catheter or by laser (to vaporize blockage)
ARTHERECTOMY
What are factors that cannot be changed when it comes to Coronary Risk Factors?
- HEREDITY
- AGE
- SEX
- RACE
Factors that might be changed when it comes to Coronary Risk Factors?
- CIRGARETTE SMOKING
- HYPERTENSION
- BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
- OBESITY
- PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
- STRESS DIABETES MAY BE CHANGED
________________________
Physically active professions (postal delivers, longshoremen) had lower death rates from coronary heart disease than less physically active professions (bus drivers, postal clerks)
*autopsies on marathon runners who did not die of heart disease fins enlarged coronary arteries
PAFFENBURGER AND HALE
_____________
- karma has, et. Al. (1981)
- compared sedentary to exercised monkeys
- exercised monkeys had significantly less signs of atherosclerosis
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Energy Expenditure During Exercise
Activity Kcal per min. Per hr.
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