Motor Control Flashcards
Lower motor neuron that stimulate extramural and intramural muscle fibers, respectively
Alpha and gamma motor neurons
The concept that these motor neurons are activated simultaneously during voluntary movement
Alpha-gamma coactivation principle
An area in the brain responsible for the initiation of movement
Basal gangila
A hypothesis that rhythmical control of locomotion is located in the spinal cord by a network of neurons
Central pattern generator
-a brain structure that assists in the coordination of movement
Cerebellum
A neural pathway that connects the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellar loop
A theoretical approach to understanding complex systems
Chaos theory
The time required to react to a stimulus when two or more responses are possible
Choice reaction time
A theory proposed by Adams (1971) on how movements are learned that emphasized the importance of feedback
Closed-loop theory
Extended practice on only variation of a skill
Constant practice
An outside variable that induce pattern change in complex systems
Control parameter
Patterns of coordination that making up an individuals intrinsic dynamics
Coordination tendencies
A major motor pathway involved in voluntary movement
Corticospinal tract
A lack of sensory feedback
Deafferentation
A concept developed by J>J Gibson that argues that we can pick up important features of the environment without major analysis by the brain.
Direct perception
Important sensory pathways that send information to the somato-sensory cortex.
Dorsal columns
A type of chaos on the coordination of movement
Dynamic pattern theory
Proposed by J.J. Gibson that stimuli be directly used by the perceptual-motor system without elaborate processing through separate stages by the CNS.
Ecological perspective approach
In dynamic pattern theory, this information defines the required coordination pattern involved in the new motor task to be learned
Environmental information
A stationary limb position where the torques of the agonist and antagonist muscles are equal and opposite.
Equilibrium point
A hypothesis developed by anatol Feldman, arguing that the motor system controls the threshold of activation of the motor neurons that innervate the muscles
Equilibrium point hypothesis
Muscle fibers in skeletal muscles
Extrafusal fibers
Information about a movement from outside the body
Extrinsic feedback
Information both within and outside the body that is used to help make adjustments of a movement
Feedback
Nerve cells sequentially linked with each other within a pathway.
1st,2nd, 3rd third order neurons
Movement time is directly related to the distance of the movement and inversely related to the target size.
FITTS law
Sensory receptors sensitive to tension
Golgi tendon organs
A law governing choice reaction time
Hick-Hyman law
Areas of the brain involved in producing movement
Higher center level
Sensory pathways from the muscle spindles
Ia AFFERENT fibers
A ratio of the distance moved and the target size in FITTS law
Index of difficulty
Describes how info. Is analyzed in the information processing model.
Indirect perception
The amount of uncertainty
Information
A concept proposing that information is processed in a series of stages within the brain
Info. Processing model
Muscle fibers within the muscle spindle
Intrafusal fiber
Similar o coordination tendencies in dynamical pattern theory
Intrinsic dynamics
Sensory info. Within the body used to help control movement
Intrinsic feedback
An involuntary response that occurs when the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscles are stretched
Knee-jerk stretch reflex
Info. Bout how a movement is executed
Knowledge of performance
Info. About the outcome of a movement
Knowledge of results
Length-tension relations
Length-tension relation
A component of the stretch reflex involving the higher centers
Long-loop reflexes
A part of the motor system involving the muscles, sensory receptors and the load of a movement
Lower level
A hypothetical construct in Adams (1971) theory that controls the selection and initiation of a movement
Memory trace
The demonstration of a movement
Modeling
A part of the brain responsible for selecting the appropriate muscles for a movement
Motor cortex
A learned movement that is goal oriented
Motor skills
A theory proposing that details of the movement are stored in certain parts of the brain
Motor program theory
The duration of a movement
Movement time
Sensory receptors within the muscles
Muscle spindles
Types of movement control that do not or do use feedback, respectively
Open & closed-loop control
The change of reflected light on the retina
Optical flow
A variable in dynamic pattern theory that describes the various patterns of coordination
Order parameter
A movement disorder due to damage of the basal ganglia
Parkinson’s disease
A hypothetical construct in Adams (1971) theory that is responsible for error correction
Perceptual trace
Major motor pathways
Pyramidal and EXTRAPYRAMIDAL tracts
A voluntary response to unpredictable stimulus
Reaction time
A rule in Schmidts schema theory responsible for selecting movement and making correction
Recall schema
The relaxation of an antagonist, muscle during the contraction of the an agonist muscle around the same joint
Reciprocal inhibition
A rule in Schmidts schema theory responsible evaluation performance
Recognition schema
A hypothetical construct in closed loop theory that represents the correct movement
Reference mechanism
Involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflexive movement
The stage in the information processing model responsible for selecting various movement parameters.
Response programming stage
The stage in the information processing model responsible deciding the proper movement
Response selection stage
Reaction time plus movement time
Response time
Involuntary shaking of a limb.
Resting tremor
A theory developed by Schmidt (1975) that proposed the motor learning is dependent on the acquisition of rules that govern movement error detection and correction
Schema theory
The time from the stimulus to the voluntary initiation of the movement
Simple reaction time
An area of the brain responsible for conscious sensory information
Somatosensory cortex
Represents the spinal cord contributions to movement
Spinal level
The resistance to change of a coordination pattern
Stability
The fist stage of the info. Processing model
Stimulus identification stage
One of the area of brain assisting in the planning of movement
Supplementary motor cortex
A perceptual variable that represents the time to contact.
Tau
An integrative relay station in the brain
Thalamus
Extended practice with several variations of a skill
Variable practice
Aspects of a motor program that control changes in the movement and rhythmical timing, respectively
Variant & invariant features
Willed movement
Voluntary movement
