KINESIOLOGY MOD 1. PART 1 Flashcards
What are negative side effects from Lack of Movement
Muscle atrophy Loss of flexibility Calcium loss in bone Irritability Anxious Mental depression
Positive effects of physical activity and exercise are?
> increase in cardio respiratory function
Muscular strength and endurance
Improvements in cognitive Function
The ______________ ______________ is the position of the human body standing erect with the arms by its slides and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Anatomical Position
The Chest is ___________ to the belly Button
The belly button is ________ to the chest
The Belly button is __________ to the bicep.
The Bicep is ____________ to the belly.
The Bicep is___________ to the Wrist.
the Wrist is ____________ to the bicep
Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal
The _________________ divides the upper and lower halves of the body equally
Cardinal Transverse Plane
The ____________________ divide the right and left halves of the body equally.
Cardinal Sagittal Plane
The _____________________ plane divides the anterior and posterior halves of the body equally.
Cardinal Frontal (or coronal)
The____________________ passes through the body from side to side and is associated with movement in the SAGITTAL PLANE.
TRANSVERSE AXIS
___________________ passes through the body from front to back and is associated with movement in the FRONTAL PLANE
THE ANTEROPOSTERIOR AXIS
The___________________ plane divided the anterior and posterior halves of the body equally.
CARDINAL FRONTAL (OR CORONAL)
What are the 2 major sections of the skeletal system ?
AXIAL & APPENDICULAR
How many bones are in the Axial skeleton ?
80
How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?
126
The skeletal system represents about ____% of the total body mass.
15
_________________ cylindrical w/ large knobby ends where ligaments and tendons attach near the joint. These bones have evolved to endure great stresses like those created during locomotion.
I.E.-FEMUR
LONG BODY
The Knobby end of a long bone is called ____________ and the long shaft is termed a _________.
EPIPHYSIS
DIAPHYSIS
Like the sternum also contain a spongy interior and hard surface, and generally have evolved to protect the vital organs of the body.
FLAT BONES
Like the vertebra are oddly shaped for a variety of purposes.
IRREGULAR BONES
________, ___________, and ____________ are the body’s hardest structural material.
BONE, DENTIN AND ENAMEL
__________(calcium, phosphate) make the bones hard and rigid.
INORGANIC SALT
______________(Protein collagen) make the bones tough, yet pliable
ORGANIC MATERIAL
What are the 5 functions of the Bones?
- Provide form and true true to the human body
- Provide protection for the internal organs (skull)
- Analogous to levers in a pulley system (providing attachments for muscle)
- Produce red and white blood cells and blood platelets (clotting)
- Store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
The point in the skeletal system where two or more bones meet (or articulate) is called a _______________
JOINT
Depending on the type of joint, the bones may or may not actually be attached to one another by connective tissue called ____________
LIGAMENT
Bones are connected to the surrounding muscles by white fibrous tissue called_______________.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN BONE &MUSCLE TISSUE.
Tendons
There are how many types of joints?
3
_______________ Involve the articulation of two or more bones that have been fused together.
IMMOVABLE JOINTS
Have a restricted range of motion because of the particular structure of he bones and the connective tissue. Other types are synchro Doris is joints that separate the epiphyses from the diaphyses within long bones.
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE (AMPHIARTHROSES)
_____________________ joints permit a wide range of movements.
FREELY MOVABLE (DIARTHROSES)
> The ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a depression (socket) in another bone.
> circular. The joints can move in all planes, and rotation is possible
> Shoulder, hip
BALL-&-SOCKET
ANn oval-shaped protuberance (called a condole) of one bone fits into oval-shaped cavity of another bone
> Can move in different planes but cant rotate.
> Knuckles (the joint between metacarpals and phalanges)
ELLIPSOID JOINT
> Flat or slightly curved surfaces join together.
> Sliding or twisting in different planes.
> Joints between carpal bones (wrist) and between tarsal bones (ankle)
GLIDING JOINT
> THe convex surface of one bone joins with concave surface of another.
> Up and Down motion, bending (flexion), and straightening (extension)
> Elbow, Knee
HINGE JOINT
Cylinder-shaped projection on one bone is surrounded by a ring of another bone and ligament
Rotation is the only movement possible.
Radio-ulnar joint at the elbow (supination/pronation), atlanto-axial joint of the neck under the head (head rotation)
PIVOT JOINT
Each bone is saddle shaped and fits into the saddle-shaped region of the opposite bone.
Many movements are possible; can move in different planes but cant rotate.
Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb.
SADDLE JOINT
There are six types of Diarthrodial joints
Ball-&-Socket ELLIPSOID JOINT GLIDING JOINT HINGE JOINT PIVOT JOINT SADDLE JOINT
Calcium lost causing brittle bones (post-menopausal women, astronauts, sedentary or immobilized individuals)
OSTEOPOROSIS
_____________ Bone cells that build bone matter.
_____________ bone cells that break down bone matter.
OSETEOBLAST
OSTEOCLASTS
When osteoclasts begins to win, treatments that work are?
ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT
CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION EXERCISE
AN ACTIVE AND NUTRITIONALLY SOUND LIFESTYLE.
what are good sources of Calcium ?
MILK/MILK PRODUCTS SARDINES AND CANNED ALMON KIDNEY BEANS DARK, GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
What are inhibitors of Calcium Absorption?
Excessive consumption of MEAT, SALT, COFFEE, ALCOHOL
Too much exercise, particularly in __________________, reduces Body weight and body fat, causing secondary amenorrhea, a hormonal imbalance leading to a removal of estrogens protective effect on bone.
PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
There are over _______ muscles throughout the body.
Muscles comprise about ____% of the total body mass.
600
50%
____________ refers to a movement away from the midline of the body or body part, while _____________________ refers to a movement toward the midline of the body or body part.
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
______________means moving toward the superior position, while ____________ is moving toward the inferior position.
ELEVATION
DEPRESSION
____________ is the lifting of the medial border of the foot and __________ is the lifting of the lateral inferior position,.
INVERSION
EVERSION
_______________ is the moving of the top of the foot toward the shin, while ________________ is the moving of the foot downward.
DORSIFLEXION
PLANTARFLEXION
________________ is a circular or cone-like movement of a body segment, such as the motion required to draw a circle using only the wrist joint.
CIRCUMDUCTION
______________
- a type of muscle tissue that is not normally under voluntary control
- stimulated by autonomic nervous system
- located in the walls of the visceral organs (eg. stomach, intestine etc. )
- pupil of the eye, blood vessels
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What type of muscle tissue - walls and partitions of the heart -not normally under voluntary control -autonomic nervous system
CARDIAC
Characteristics of muscle tissue \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Muscle tissue can be stretched \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Muscle tissue returns to resting state following stretch
EXTENSIBILITY
ELASTICITY
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Muscle tissue responds to stimulation \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Muscle tissue shortens following stimulations
EXCITABILITY
CONTRACTIBILITY
What type of Muscular Tissue is called striated (or striped) most predominant type , over 430_____________ muscles
- voluntary control
- somatic nervous system
SKELETAL
_____________ are arranged in parallel bundles within fascicles but the arrangement of fasciculi in relation to the tendon can vary.
MUSCLE FIBERS
Fasciculi arrangement is correlated with:
- ______________________
- ______________________
- the amount of power of a muscle can produce.
- the range of motion a muscle can produce
While there is a wide variety of skeletal muscle shapes, they can be generally classified into four categories;____________,_____________, ____________, and ______________.
LONGITUDINAL
RADIATE
FUSIFORM
AND PENNIFORM
____________ muscles have fibers that run parallel with the long axis of muscle .
LONGITUDINAL
___________ muscles have fibers that fan outward from a single attachment.
RADIATE
_________________ muscles are composed of muscle fibers that in the form of a spindle.
* these muscles do not produce as great a muscular force compared to PENNIFORM muscles. This is because the larger muscle generally contains more individual muscle fibers that contract to produce muscular force and the fibers are usually thicker, which implies more contractile tissue.
FUSIFORM
_____________ muscles have fibers that are arranged somewhat like a feather.
PENNIFORM `
