motivation and emotions Flashcards
instinct/ evolutionary theory of motivation
- influenced by genetics
- a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species in unlearned
- automatic and usually linked to survival
drive reduction theory of motivation
- a biological need that creates a drive that motivates you to satisfy the need
- needs in this case are required for survival
- body seeks homeostasis
arousal theory of motivation
- we seek an optimal level of arousal or excitement
- yerkes-dodson theory: tasks of moderate difficulty elicit the highest level of performance
incentive theory of motivation
we learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishments and we are motivated to seek the reward
extrinsic motivation
external reward (money, sticker, prize)
intrinsic reward
motivation for your self (pride)
overjustification effect
promising a reward for something one already likes to do reduces the desire to complete the behavior because it now feels like work
maslows hierarchy of needs
from bottom of pyramid to top
physiological –> safety –> belonging –> esteem –> self actualization
approach-approach conflict
must choose between two desirable outcomes
avoidance-avoidance conflict
having to pick between two bad options
approach-aviodance
when something has both attractive and unattractive features
hunger motivation
- biological: you need to eat to survive
- cognitive: it looks good so you try it or it doesn’t look good so you don’t try it
- social: you eat something you don’t like in order to not hurt the chef’s feelings
hunger: stomach
when stomach is empty and constricted we feel hungry and when it’s expanded we feel full
hunger: brain
hypothalamus - controls body chemistry and the ratio of glucose and insulin
lateral hyothalamus
hunger center
- stimulation brings on hunger and destruction destroys hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
satiety center
- stimulation depresses hunger and destruction causes more eating
insulin
produced by pancreas
when insulin rises –> glucose decreases and you need to eat
low blood sugar
= hunger
hypothalamus has cells that detect hunger
set point
the point at which your weight is set and your body works to keep it there
bulimia
eat lots of food and then throw up
s/s: chronic hoarseness, ruptured esophagus, UTI’s
anorexia
not eating/ starving yourself
s/s: extreme weight loss, loss of hair, unable to stay warm
#1 cause - family conflict, change, genetics, feeling lack of control
serious implications - heart disease, brain damage, and death
sexual motivation
- both bio and psych factors
- Alfred Kinsey = zoologist turned sex researcher
psych factors for sexual motivation
- peer encouragement
- love and intimacy
- procreation
sexual orientation
enduring sexual attraction to members of a sex
homosexuality
- specific brain structures might alter in size compared to heterosexual brains
- twin studies show genetic influence
- theory: hormones in womb might change brain structure and influence sexual orientation
emotions
physiological arousal
- heart rate
expressive behaviors
- walking faster
- slamming door
conscious experience
- thoughts
- feelings
James- Lange Theory
event –> physiological arousal –> emotion
body reacts first and then you decide which emotion based on that
cannon-bard theory
event –> physiological arousal
—> emotion
happens at the same time!!!
schacter singer two factor theory
event –> physical arousal –> appraisal –> emotion
assess situation to feel emotion
opponent process theory
richard soloman
- the primary or initial reaction to an emotion will be followed by an equally intense but opposite secondary emotion
basic emotions
- happy
- sad
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
- emerge early in life
- have distinct biological basis
facial expressions
- innate
- duchenne smile = real smile
biology of emotion
- limbic = in charge of emotion and memory
- thalamus, hypothalamus, frontal lobe. olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus
fear and anxiety
- they feel the same
- amygdala is in charge of both
- sympathetic nervous system involved i both
fear
- response to an immediate danger
anxiety
- vague sense that something bad might happen
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the main cause of anger that leads to aggression is frustration
berkowitz
not just frustration that cause aggression but any unpleasant event can lead to anger
