cognition and language Flashcards
cognition
study of mental activities like…
- thinking
-remembering
- communicating
cognitive psychologists study…
concept formation
problem solving
decicision making
judgement formation
prototype
mental image
best example of a category
spreading activation
thinking of once concept/category and activate concepts linked to it (thinking of one thing and it making you think of other related things)
priming
what gets spreading activation started
algorithm
trying every possible solution
will get the right answer
will take a lot of time
heuristic
trying the best possible solution
may not produce the correct solution
takes less time
representative heuristic
judge based on how similar it is to other things in a category (look like a duck, quack likes a duck, it must be a duck)
availability heuristic
judge based on examples that come to mind
belief perseverance
maintaining a belief even after it’s been proven wrong
belief bias
we will accept any conclusion that will support our belief
perceptual sets
relies on familiar ways of perceiving stimuli (tunnel vision)
mental sets
familiar way of solving problems
functional fixedness
the inability to see a new use for an object
confirmation bias
we seek and look for information that will support our belief but we ignore information that doesn’t
framing effect
the way we are presented a problem can drastically change how we solve it
sunk cost effect
tendency to stick with something because you already spent time and money
gamblers fallcy
belief that if something has not yet happened yet it is bound to happen soon
capture error
an activity that’s frequently done “captures” the intended one
description error
an action is performed on the wrong object because it looks like the intended object
association activation
internal thoughts trigger an inappropriate response (“you too!”)
loss of activation
walking in to a room and not remembering why you walked in
convergent
coming up with the best idea
divergent
coming up with as many ideas as possible
attentive attention
grid by grid
preattentive attention
big picture
selective/shifting attention
paying attention to one thing so much that you ignore everything else
attention blink
time in between two stimuli = black hole
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning in a word
syntax
order of words/ sentence structure
semantics
the meaning derived from a sentence
noam chomsky
famous linguist
believed in inborn universal grammar
our ability to know grammar rules automatically when we are born
critical period for language
2-7 years
babbling stage
3 months-1 year
holophrastic stage
one word
1-2 years
telegraphic speech stage
2-3 years
What age do humans have full adult competency
4
