learning

Question 1

learned helplessness

Answer 1

if you feel like you are not in control of your situation, you will give up and accept your situation

Question 2

what are the three types of learning

Answer 2

classical (association)
operant (reward/punishment)
Observation (observing)

Question 3

acquisition

Answer 3

linking a conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulic
the learning of a skill/habit

Question 4

extinction

Answer 4

the link between conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulic is broken

Question 5

spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

recovering a stimuli after extinction

Question 6

stimulus generalization

Answer 6

respond to similar stimuli

Question 7

stimulus discrimiation

Answer 7

only responding to specific stimuli
(dogs only doing a trick for food and nothing else)

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

learning based on reward and punishment

Question 9

the law of effect

Answer 9

• if you reward a behavior it continues
• if you punish a behavior it stops
• aka instrumental learning

Question 10

bf skinner

Answer 10

• father of operant conditioning
• team nurture
• used skinner box to prove his concepts
• ex: rats playing basketball, pigeons pecking a colored dot

Question 11

classical conditioning

Answer 11

learning based on association

Question 12

Ivan Pavolov

Answer 12

• pavlovs dog
• unconditional stimulus (food) —-> Unconditional response (drool)
• unconditional stimulus (food) + conditioned stimuli (bell) —-> unconditional response (drool)
• conditioned stimulus (bell) —-> conditioned response (drool)

Question 13

reinforcement shchedules

Answer 13

• how often you give the reinforcement
• there is continuous and partial

Question 14

continuous reinforcement

Answer 14

• reinforcing the behavior every time it is exhibited
• when the subject is first learning the behavior
• acquisition comes fast but so does extinction

Question 15

partial reinforcement

Answer 15

• reinforce the behavior only some of the times it’s exhibited
• acquisition comes more slowly
• extinction is less likely though
• four types of partial reinforcement schedules
  1. fixed ratio
  2. fixed interval
  3. variable ratio
  4. variable interval

Question 16

fixed ratio

Answer 16

rewarded after a set number of correct responses

Question 17

fixed interval

Answer 17

rewarded after a set amount of time

Question 18

variable ratio

Answer 18

rewarded after a random number of correct responses (most powerful)

Question 19

variable interval

Answer 19

rewarded after a random amount of time

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

anything that increases a behavior

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

given something —-> you’re happy

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

something taken away —-> you’re happy
(like taking away your chores)

Question 23

primary reinforcer

Answer 23

things themselves are rewarding (food, water, oxygen)

Question 24

secondary reinforcer

Answer 24

learned value (money, clothes, jewelry)

Question 25

punishment

Answer 25

decreases a behavior

Question 26

positive punishment

Answer 26

given something —-> not happy

Question 27

negative punishment

Answer 27

something taken —-> not happy

Question 28

chaining

Answer 28

subjects are taught a number of responses successively in order to get a reward

Question 29

shaping

Answer 29

rewarding little baby steps to get to the bigger picture

Question 30

token economy

Answer 30

every time a desired behavior is performed a token is given
tokens are able to be traded for a variety of prizes

Question 31

how does learning occur in classical, operant, and observational

Answer 31

go more in depth about association (ivan pavlov), reward/punishment (skinner), and observation (bandura)

Question 32

observational learning

Answer 32

-albert banduara
- bobo dolls
- we learn through modeling behavior from others
- aka social learning

Question 33

examples of learning in classical, operant, and observational

Answer 33

pavlov dogs, rats playing basketball, bobo doll experiment

Question 34

taste aversion

Answer 34

A taste aversion is a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.

if you ate sushi for lunch and then became ill, you might avoid eating sushi in the future, even if it had no relationship to your illness.

Question 35

reciprocal determinism

Answer 35

• behavior
• cognition
• environment
  are all interlocking determinants and influence eachother
  *key theory to social learning theory

Question 36

self efficacy

Answer 36

• an individuals belief in their ability to be successful on any given task

Question 37

latent learning

Answer 37

• learning occurs but does not become apparent until there is an incentive
• rats knew how to go through the maze but they only did it faster when they were shown a food reward