learning Flashcards
learned helplessness
if you feel like you are not in control of your situation, you will give up and accept your situation
what are the three types of learning
classical (association)
operant (reward/punishment)
Observation (observing)
acquisition
linking a conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulic
the learning of a skill/habit
extinction
the link between conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulic is broken
spontaneous recovery
recovering a stimuli after extinction
stimulus generalization
respond to similar stimuli
stimulus discrimiation
only responding to specific stimuli
(dogs only doing a trick for food and nothing else)
operant conditioning
learning based on reward and punishment
the law of effect
- if you reward a behavior it continues
- if you punish a behavior it stops
- aka instrumental learning
bf skinner
- father of operant conditioning
- team nurture
- used skinner box to prove his concepts
- ex: rats playing basketball, pigeons pecking a colored dot
classical conditioning
learning based on association
Ivan Pavolov
- pavlovs dog
- unconditional stimulus (food) —-> Unconditional response (drool)
- unconditional stimulus (food) + conditioned stimuli (bell) —-> unconditional response (drool)
- conditioned stimulus (bell) —-> conditioned response (drool)
reinforcement shchedules
- how often you give the reinforcement
- there is continuous and partial
continuous reinforcement
- reinforcing the behavior every time it is exhibited
- when the subject is first learning the behavior
- acquisition comes fast but so does extinction
partial reinforcement
- reinforce the behavior only some of the times it’s exhibited
- acquisition comes more slowly
- extinction is less likely though
- four types of partial reinforcement schedules
1. fixed ratio
2. fixed interval
3. variable ratio
4. variable interval
fixed ratio
rewarded after a set number of correct responses
fixed interval
rewarded after a set amount of time
variable ratio
rewarded after a random number of correct responses (most powerful)
variable interval
rewarded after a random amount of time
reinforcer
anything that increases a behavior
positive reinforcement
given something —-> you’re happy
negative reinforcement
something taken away —-> you’re happy
(like taking away your chores)
primary reinforcer
things themselves are rewarding (food, water, oxygen)
secondary reinforcer
learned value (money, clothes, jewelry)
punishment
decreases a behavior
positive punishment
given something —-> not happy
negative punishment
something taken —-> not happy
chaining
subjects are taught a number of responses successively in order to get a reward
shaping
rewarding little baby steps to get to the bigger picture
token economy
every time a desired behavior is performed a token is given
tokens are able to be traded for a variety of prizes
how does learning occur in classical, operant, and observational
go more in depth about association (ivan pavlov), reward/punishment (skinner), and observation (bandura)
observational learning
-albert banduara
- bobo dolls
- we learn through modeling behavior from others
- aka social learning
examples of learning in classical, operant, and observational
pavlov dogs, rats playing basketball, bobo doll experiment
taste aversion
A taste aversion is a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.
if you ate sushi for lunch and then became ill, you might avoid eating sushi in the future, even if it had no relationship to your illness.
reciprocal determinism
- behavior
- cognition
- environment
are all interlocking determinants and influence eachother
*key theory to social learning theory
self efficacy
- an individuals belief in their ability to be successful on any given task
latent learning
- learning occurs but does not become apparent until there is an incentive
- rats knew how to go through the maze but they only did it faster when they were shown a food reward
