developmental psychology

Question 1

what are the four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 1

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

Question 2

Sensorimotor

Answer 2

• birth to 2 years old
• discover the world through sensory impressions
• form schemas: (assimilation/accommodation)
• sense of self
• object permanence

Question 3

sense of self

Answer 3

less than 18 months = a child will not touch the lipstick on their nose
18-20 months = will wipe the lipstick off of their nose

Question 4

Object Permanence

Answer 4

4-8 months - child will recognize a semi hidden object but if it is completely hidden they will not reach for it
8-18 months - a child will begin to look for hidden objects but search is ineffective
18-24 months - child appears able to follow events in their mind they will now look for objects in laces other than where they saw it last (that is the milestone that marks the end of the sensorimotor age)

Question 5

Preoperational

Answer 5

2-7 years old
- use of symbols
- 3 year old can find hidden object
- 2.5 year old can not
- egocentric point of view, but has theory of mind
- language aquistion
- pretend play
- uses guesses

Question 6

concrete operational

Answer 6

• 7 to 11 years
• children can understand logical principles that apply to concrete external objects, not on abstract ones like justice or freedom
• between 7 and 8 the child will understand the properties of an object stay the same, despite changes in appearance
• understand points of view
• can think two concepts at the same time
• they can only reason about what is, not about what is possible

Question 7

formal operation

Answer 7

11 years to adult
- CAN THINK ABSTRACTLY and use logic

Question 8

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 8

zone of proximal development: the idea that an individual can provide a scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking (they may not be able to understand it at first but if you teach them they may learn)

Question 9

what can newborns do?

Answer 9

inborn automatic responses
- rooting
- sucking
- grasping
- moro (startle)
- babinski (foot thing)

Question 10

newborn vision

Answer 10

• see 6-8 inches from their face
• gaze longer at human - like objects from birth
• visual cliff - can perceive depth from when they are born

Question 11

newborn hearing

Answer 11

• begins in womb
• habituation: gotten use to stimulus enough to ignore it
• dishabituation: stopping of habituation

Question 12

Harry Harlow

Answer 12

• monkey experiment
• even though wire monkey provided food needed for life, the monkey still chose to spend most of the day with the cloth monkey
• this is called contact comfort

Question 13

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 13

strange situation, attachment
- three types of attachment
- secure: some discomfort, mom returns = happy
- avoidant insecure: unconcerned with stranger, when mom returns = uninterested
- resistant insecure: intense distress, when mom returns = rejected her (how could you leave me)

Question 14

separation anxiety

Answer 14

begins at 8 months for humans
will peak between 10-18 months
will slowly diminish towards the end of the 2nd year

Question 15

diana baumrind

Answer 15

parenting styles
- authoritarian: harsh, imposes rules with no leniency
- permissive: no rules, best friend, very loving
- negligent: uninvolved, inattentive, kid raises them self, parents only provide a roof
- authoritative: sets some rules but is also supportive and loving

Question 16

erik erikson

Answer 16

stages of psych development, each stage has a crisis that needs resolution

Question 17

erik erikson stage 1

Answer 17

0-1
trust vs mistrust
if needs are met —> infants gain trust

Question 18

erik erikson stage 2

Answer 18

1-3 years old
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlers learn to do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities

Question 19

erik erikson stage 3

Answer 19

3 to 6
initiative vs guilt
learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about trying to be independent

Question 20

erik erikson stage 4

Answer 20

6 to 12
competence vs inferiority
children learn how to accomplish a task or they feel inerior

Question 21

erik erikson stage 5

Answer 21

teens to 20s
identity vs role confusion
create a sense of self or will bbe confused about who they are

Question 22

erik erikson stage 6

Answer 22

20s to early 40s
intimacy vs isolation
try to form intimate relationships or feel socially isolated (friends or romantic relationships)

Question 23

erik erikson stage 7

Answer 23

40s to 60s
generativity bs stagnation
need to feel a sense of contributing to the world or will feel lack of purpose

Question 24

erik erikson stage 8

Answer 24

late 60s and beyond
integrity vs despair
when thinking about your life, feeling satisfied or despair

Question 25

kohlberg

Answer 25

morality = why you made a decision (not the actua decision you made)

Question 26

kohlbergs moral reasoning stages

Answer 26

preconventional - your needs and perceptions, punishment defines what is wrong (6 and younger)

conventional - expectations of society and law are taken into account (early adolescence and some adults)

post conventional - judgement based on abstract PERSONAL principles, not necessarily defined by society’s laws

Question 27

criticisms of kohlberg

Answer 27

• just because you can identify the right thing to do doesn’t mean that is what you would actually do in that situation
• only did research in the west, different cultures have different morals!
• carol gilligan: CARING! takes apart in morals (not only justice)

Question 28

5 stages of grief

Answer 28

elizabeth kuber ross

denial –> anger –> bargaining –> depression –> acceptance