Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that serves to energize of direct behavior
Evolutionary theory
Animals are motivated to act by basic needs critical to the survival of the organism
Primary drives
Hunger, thirst, sleep, and reproduction needs
Secondary drive
The desire to obtain learned reinforcers, such as money or social acceptance
Instinct theory
The learning of species-specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary to ensure their survival
Arousal theory
The main reason people are motivated to preform any action is to maintain an ideal level of physiological arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Tasks of moderate difficulty elicit the highest level of performance
Opponent process theory
We start off at a motivational base like, at which we are not motivated to act. Then we encounter a stimulus that fells good, not acquiring a motivation to seek out the stimulus that made us feel good
Drive-reduction theory
Psychological needs put stress on the body and that we are motivated to reduce this negative experience
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Sends messages to the brain to eat less and exercise more
Lateral hypothalamus
When body weight falls below the set point
Lepton
Protein produced by bloated fat cells
Glucostatic hypothesis
Glucose is the primary fuel of the brain and most other organs
Lipostatic hypothesis
Fat is the measured and controlled substance in the body that regulates hunger
Anorexia
An individual being 15% below ideal body weight
Bulimia nervosa
Alternating periods of binging and purging
Androgensestrogen
The primary sexual hormones in males and females, respectively
Instinct
Genetically programmed patterns of behavior
Hierarchy of needs- physiological
Breathing, food, water, etc.
Hierarchy of needs- safety
Employment, saving’s account, house
Hierarchy of needs- love/belonging
Making friends, family
Hierarchy of needs- esteem
Feeling better about yourself (confidence, achievement)
Hierarchy of needs- self actualization
People creatively and meaningfully fulfill their own potential
Extrinsic factors
Engaging in activities to obtain incentives or external rewards
Intrinsic factors
Rn ganging in activities because those activéis are personally rewarding or fulfill our beliefs or expectations
Overjustification effect
Over time, intrinsic motivation may decrease if we receive extrinsic rewards
Self determination
The need to feel competent and in control
Self-efficacy
The belief that we can or cannot attain a particular goal
Achievement motivation
The need to reach realistic goals that we set for ourselves
Cognitive dissonance
People are motivated to reduce tension produced by conflicting thoughts or choices
Approach-approach conflict
One has to decide between two desirable options
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
One has to choose between two unpleasant alternatives
Approach-avoidance conflict
Only one choice is presented, but it carries both pluses and minuses
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Many portions are available, but each has positives and negatives
Components of emotion
Physiological (body), behavioral (action), cognitive (mind)
James-Lange theory
Environmental stimuli causes physiological changers and responses
Cannon-bard theory
Physiological response to an emotion and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously in response to an emotion-provoking stimulus
Two-factor theory
The first fact is physiological arousal; the second factor is the way in which we cognitively label the arousal
Facial feedback hypothesis
A person’s facial expression can influence the actual emotion being experienced
Flashback
Recall of a memory from an experience
Prefrontal cortex
Involved in emotional experience, decision making
Stressors
Events that cause stress
Transient
Temporary challenges (stress)
Alarm
The arousal of the sympathetic nervous system
Resistance
Physiologically ready
Exhaustion
Body’s resources are exhausted, and tissue cannot be repaired
Type A pattern
Competitiveness, sense of urgency, elevated feelings of anger and hostility
Type B pattern
Low level of competitiveness, low preoccupation with time issues, easygoing
