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AP Psychology > Foundations: Methods and Approaches > Flashcards

Foundations: Methods and Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Experiment

A

An investigation seeking to understand relations of cause and effect

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

The manipulated variable

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is measured

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4
Q

Control variable

A

Factor remaining constraint in both groups

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5
Q

Experimental group

A

Groups receiving or reacting to the independent variable (being experimented on)

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6
Q

Control group

A

Does not receive the independent variable

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7
Q

Population

A

Group of interest (to be studied)

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8
Q

Single-blind design

A

The subjects do not know whether they are in the control or experimental group

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9
Q

Double-blind design

A

Neither the subjects nor the researcher knows who is in the two groups

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10
Q

Correlational research

A

Assessing the degree of association between two or more variables or characteristics of interest that occur naturally

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11
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Studies that occur over long periods of time with the same subject

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12
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Study that is designed to test a wide array of subjects from different background to increase generalizability

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13
Q

Confounding variable

A

An unknown factor is playing a role

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14
Q

Case studies

A

Intensive psychological studies of single individuals

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15
Q

Conceptual definition

A

The theory or issue being studied

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16
Q

Operational definition

A

Used to clarify what is meant by each variable or how it is defined or measured so that the research can be repeated

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17
Q

Internal validity

A

The certainty with which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other

18
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the “real world”

19
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Summarizes data

20
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Allows researchers to test hypotheses about data and determine how confident they can be in their inferences about the data

21
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of a set of numbers

22
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring value in the data set

23
Q

Median

A

The number that falls exactly in the middle of a distribution of numbers

24
Q

Range

A

The difference between the lowest and highest scores

25
Q

Variability

A

How much the numbers in the set differ from one another

26
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures a function of the average dispersion of numbers around the mean

27
Q

Positive skew

A

Most values are on a lower end, but there are some exceptionally large values

28
Q

Negative skew

A

Most values are on the higher end, but there are some exceptionally small scores

29
Q

Correlational coefficient

A

A numerical value that indicates the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables

30
Q

Sample size

A

The number of observations or individuals measured

31
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A treatment had no effort in an experiment

32
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The treatment did have an effect

33
Q

Type I error

A

The null is true; reject the null

34
Q

Type II error

A

The null is false; fail to reject

35
Q

Informed concent

A

Agree to participate in the study only after being told what participation entails; allowed to leave the experiment at any time

36
Q

Debriefing

A

Participants are told the exact purpose of this participation in the research and do any deception that may have been used in the process of the experimentation

37
Q

Random selection

A

When participants are randomly selected to be part of a study

38
Q

Random assignment

A

When participants are randomly assigned to be part of the control group of experimental group in the experiment

39
Q

Representative sample

A

When the sample group in the study represents all the different people in the population

40
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to seek information that aligns with our point of view and dismiss information that challenges our beliefs

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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