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AP Psychology > Biological Bases: The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

Biological Bases: The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiological psychology

A

The study of behavior as influenced by biology

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2
Q

Imaging techniques

A

Allow researchers to map the structure and/or activity of the brain and correlate this data with behavior

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3
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head

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4
Q

CAT scan

A

Cross-sectional images of the brain using a series of X-ray pictures taken from different angles

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5
Q

MRI

A

Extremely powerful electromagnets and radio waves to get 3-D structural information from the brain

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6
Q

fMRI

A

Show brain function by rapid sequence in of MRI images

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7
Q

PET scan

A

Shows function via diffusion of radioactive glucose in the brain

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8
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves in the body

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10
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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11
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Neurosis that travel from the body to the brain

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12
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Neurons that travel from the brain to the body

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13
Q

Reflexes

A

Quick and involuntary responses to environmental stimuli

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Controls the non skeletal or smooth muscles (not under control)

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Processes that burn energy (flight-or-flight reaction)

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conserving energy

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls muscle tone and balance

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19
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and swallowing

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20
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Controls arousal (wakefulness and alertness)

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21
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates voluntary movement, responsible for sleep (REM), related to facial expressions

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22
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional center of the brain

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23
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory information; receives and directs sensory information from visual and auditory systems

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24
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in processing and integrating memories; damage = prevents the formation of new memories (does not eliminate existing memories)

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25
Q

Amygdala

A

Implicated in the expression of anger, frustration, and fear

26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the temperature and water balance of the body; controls hunger and sex drives

27
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

“On switch” for eating

28
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

“Off switch” for eating

29
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Higher cognitive functions like thinking, planning, language use, and fine motor control

30
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres

31
Q

Broca’s area

A

Ability to speak

32
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Comprehend spoken and written language

33
Q

Contralateral processing

A

The ability of (non-split) brains to use both hemispheres and integrate information between them via the corpus callosum

34
Q

Apraxia

A

The inability to organize movement

35
Q

Agnosia

A

A difficulty processing sensory input

36
Q

Alexia

A

The inability to read

37
Q

A graphic

A

The inability to write

38
Q

Soma

A

Nerve body cell

39
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive input from other neurons through receptors on the surface

40
Q

Axon

A

Long, tubelike structure that responds to input from the dendrites and soma

41
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulation for axons, speeds up the rate at which electrical information travels down them

42
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Help speed up neural transmission

43
Q

Terminal buttons/bulbs

A

End of neuron

44
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons

45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages that bind with receptors on subsequent dendrites

46
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

An electric potential across the plasma membrane of approximately -70 millivolts (mV)

47
Q

Leak channels

A

Channels that are open all the time and that simply allow ions to “leak” across the membrane according to their gradient

48
Q

Action potential

A

A disturbance in the membrane potential

49
Q

Excite neurotransmitters

A

Serve to excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire

50
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Inhibit cell firing

51
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Affects memory function, as well as muscle contraction

52
Q

Serotonin

A

Related to arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, and mood and hunger regulation

53
Q

Dopamine

A

Associated with movement, attention, and reward

54
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

55
Q

Glutamine

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

56
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Affects levels of alertness

57
Q

Endorphins

A

Body’s natural painkillers

58
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The idea that the brain, when damaged, will attempt to find new ways to reroute messages

59
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Releases hormones that control hormonal release by many other glands

60
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Fight or flight reactions

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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