Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

The study of the changes that occur in people’s abilities and behaviors as they age

Question 2

Erik Erikson

Answer 2

First to champion the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime

Question 3

Normative development

Answer 3

The typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people

Question 4

Cross-sectional method

Answer 4

Compares groups of people of various ages on similar tasks

Question 5

Maturationists

Answer 5

Emphasize the role of genetically program growth and development on the body, particularly on the nervous system

Question 6

Environmentalists

Answer 6

Almost all development is the direct result of learning

Question 7

Critical period

Answer 7

A time during which a skill or ability must develop

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Fertilized egg

Question 9

Germinal stage

Answer 9

The zygote undergoes cell division and implants itself in the uterine wall

Question 10

Embryonic stage

Answer 10

Organ formation

Question 11

Fetal stage

Answer 11

Sexual differentiation occurs, movement begins to develop

Question 12

Rudimentary movements

Answer 12

The first voluntary movement preformed by a child

Question 13

Fundamental movement

Answer 13

Child is learning to manipulate body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing, or catching

Question 14

Specialized movement

Answer 14

Children learn how to combine the fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks

Question 15

Cognitive development

Answer 15

The development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and related skills

Question 16

Equilibratopm

Answer 16

A child’s attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child begins to the situation

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

Incorporating new ideas into existing schemas

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

Modifying the schema to include the new information

Question 19

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

Answer 19

Reflective actions and then circular reaction

Question 20

Object permanence

Answer 20

The knowledge that objects continue to exist when they are outside the field of view

Question 21

Preoperational stage (Piaget)

Answer 21

Children begin this stage with the development of language, shift to symbolic thinking

Question 22

Egocentrism

Answer 22

Seeing the world only from one’s own point of view

Question 23

Artificialism

Answer 23

Believing that all things are human-made

Question 24

Animism

Answer 24

Believing that all things are living

Question 25

Concrete operation stage (Piaget)

Answer 25

Children develop the ability to preform a mental operation and then reverse their thinking back to a starting point; conservation

Question 26

Formal operation stage (Piaget)

Answer 26

Children are fully capable of understanding abstractions and symbolic relationship

Question 27

Internalization

Answer 27

The absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts

Question 28

Zone of proximal development

Answer 28

The range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is actually capable

Question 29

Social development

Answer 29

The ability to interact with others and with the social structures in which we live

Question 30

Trust vs. mistrust (Erickson)

Answer 30

Infants decide where the world is friendly or hostile, depending on whether or not they can trust that their basic needs will be met

Question 31

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erickson)

Answer 31

Develop a sense of control over bodily functions as well as over the enviornment

Question 32

Initiative vs. guilt (Erickson)

Answer 32

Children must take initiative and learn to assert themselves socially, without overstepping their bounds

Question 33

Industry vs. inferiority (Erickson)

Answer 33

Children must gain a sense of accomplishment and pride in their work

Question 34

Identity vs. role confusion (Erickson)

Answer 34

Adolescents question what type of percent they are and begin to develop their own values

Question 35

Intimacy vs. isolation (Erickson)

Answer 35

Stage of adulthood where we attempt to form loving, lasting relationships

Question 36

Generatively vs. stagnation (Erickson)

Answer 36

Contemplating life and future

Question 37

Integrity vs. despair (Erickson)

Answer 37

Struggles to come to terms with one’s life, which involves accepting both successes and failures

Question 38

Temperament

Answer 38

Some childhood behavior is biologically based rather than learned

Question 39

Authoritarian

Answer 39

Parents have high expectations for their child to comply with rules without debate or explanation

Question 40

Authoritative

Answer 40

Parents expect complace to rules but explain rules and encourage independence

Question 41

Permissive

Answer 41

Parents have few expectations and are warm and non-demanding

Question 42

Preconventional morality (Kohlberg)

Answer 42

Moral judgement; avoiding punishment and receiving rewards; mention a fear of being punished as a reason why rules should not be broken

Question 43

Conventional morality (Kohlberg)

Answer 43

Internalizing society’s rules and morals; the “right” thing to do

Question 44

Postconventional morality (Kohlberg)

Answer 44

Belief in individual rights and contracts (stage 5); belief in universal principles of justice (stage 6)

Question 45

Gender typing

Answer 45

The acquisition of sex-related roles