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AP Psychology > Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language, and Problem-Solvingy > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language, and Problem-Solvingy Flashcards

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1
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory Input to the visual system

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2
Q

Echoic memory

A

The branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system

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3
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Simple repetition to keep an item in short-term memory until it can be used

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4
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Organizing and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to long-term memory

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5
Q

Effortful processing

A

A conscious effort to retain information

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6
Q

Automatic processing

A

Information processed unconsciously when we are engaged with well-practiced skills

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7
Q

Mnemonic device

A

Short words of phrases that represent longer strings of information

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8
Q

Dual-coding hypothesis

A

It is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone

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9
Q

Method of loci

A

Imagining movement through a familiar place, and in each place, leaving a visual representation of a topic to be remembered

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10
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Easier to remember things that are personally relevant

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11
Q

Encoded

A

Stored and able to recall later

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12
Q

Interference

A

Memories displaced by new information

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13
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information pushes old information out of short-term memory

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14
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information makes it more difficult to learn new information

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items of information into units

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16
Q

Semantically encoded

A

Encoded in the form of word meanings

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17
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of events that we ourselves have experienced

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18
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts, figures, general world knowledge

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19
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory consisting of skills and habits

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20
Q

Declarative memory

A

A memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve

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21
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

22
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

Information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation it was encoded

23
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness

24
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally around event

25
Q

Reconstruction

A

Fitting together pieces of an event that seem likely

26
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest units of speech sounds in a given language that are still distinct in sound from each other

27
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest semantically meaningful parts of language

28
Q

Grammar

A

The set of rules by which language is constructed

29
Q

Syntax

A

The set of rules used in the arrangement of morphemes into meaningful sentences

30
Q

Semantics

A

Word meaning or word choice

31
Q

Prosody

A

The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech

32
Q

Holophrases

A

Single words filled with meaning

33
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Two-or-three-word groups

34
Q

Overgeneralization errors

A

Errors in which the rules of language are overextended

35
Q

Theory of linguistic relativity

A

Speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language (i.e. having 2 vs. 50 words got rice)

36
Q

Concept

A

A way of grouping of classifying the world around us

37
Q

Typicality

A

The degree to which an object fits the average

38
Q

Superordiante concept

A

Very broad and encompasses a large group of items

39
Q

Cognition

A

Encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge

40
Q

Reasoning

A

The drawing of conclusions from evidence

41
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

The process of drawing logical conclusions from general statements

42
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

The process of drawing general inferences from specific observations

43
Q

Heuristics

A

Intuitive rules that may or not be useful in a given situation

44
Q

Availability heuristics

A

The conclusion is drawn from what events comes readily to the mind

45
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judge objects and events in terms of how closely they match the prototype of the objects of event

46
Q

Insight

A

The sudden understanding of a problem or a potential strategy for solving a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem in a new way

47
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to assume that a given item is useful only for the task for which it was designed

48
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The search for information that supports a particular view

49
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency after the fact to think you knew what the outcome would be

50
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Seeing only the evidence that support a particular position, despite evidence presented to the contrary

51
Q

Creativity

A

The process of producing something novel yet worthwhile

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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