Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language, and Problem-Solvingy Flashcards
Iconic memory
Sensory Input to the visual system
Echoic memory
The branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system
Maintenance rehearsal
Simple repetition to keep an item in short-term memory until it can be used
Elaborative rehearsal
Organizing and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to long-term memory
Effortful processing
A conscious effort to retain information
Automatic processing
Information processed unconsciously when we are engaged with well-practiced skills
Mnemonic device
Short words of phrases that represent longer strings of information
Dual-coding hypothesis
It is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone
Method of loci
Imagining movement through a familiar place, and in each place, leaving a visual representation of a topic to be remembered
Self-reference effect
Easier to remember things that are personally relevant
Encoded
Stored and able to recall later
Interference
Memories displaced by new information
Retroactive interference
New information pushes old information out of short-term memory
Proactive interference
Old information makes it more difficult to learn new information
Chunking
Grouping items of information into units
Semantically encoded
Encoded in the form of word meanings
Episodic memory
Memory of events that we ourselves have experienced
Semantic memory
Facts, figures, general world knowledge
Procedural memory
Memory consisting of skills and habits
Declarative memory
A memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve
Implicit memory
Unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have
Context-dependent memory
Information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation it was encoded
State-dependent memory
Recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness
Flashbulb memory
A very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally around event
