Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language, and Problem-Solvingy Flashcards
Iconic memory
Sensory Input to the visual system
Echoic memory
The branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system
Maintenance rehearsal
Simple repetition to keep an item in short-term memory until it can be used
Elaborative rehearsal
Organizing and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to long-term memory
Effortful processing
A conscious effort to retain information
Automatic processing
Information processed unconsciously when we are engaged with well-practiced skills
Mnemonic device
Short words of phrases that represent longer strings of information
Dual-coding hypothesis
It is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone
Method of loci
Imagining movement through a familiar place, and in each place, leaving a visual representation of a topic to be remembered
Self-reference effect
Easier to remember things that are personally relevant
Encoded
Stored and able to recall later
Interference
Memories displaced by new information
Retroactive interference
New information pushes old information out of short-term memory
Proactive interference
Old information makes it more difficult to learn new information
Chunking
Grouping items of information into units
Semantically encoded
Encoded in the form of word meanings
Episodic memory
Memory of events that we ourselves have experienced
Semantic memory
Facts, figures, general world knowledge
Procedural memory
Memory consisting of skills and habits
Declarative memory
A memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve
Implicit memory
Unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have
Context-dependent memory
Information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation it was encoded
State-dependent memory
Recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness
Flashbulb memory
A very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally around event
Reconstruction
Fitting together pieces of an event that seem likely
Phonemes
The smallest units of speech sounds in a given language that are still distinct in sound from each other
Morphemes
The smallest semantically meaningful parts of language
Grammar
The set of rules by which language is constructed
Syntax
The set of rules used in the arrangement of morphemes into meaningful sentences
Semantics
Word meaning or word choice
Prosody
The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech
Holophrases
Single words filled with meaning
Telegraphic speech
Two-or-three-word groups
Overgeneralization errors
Errors in which the rules of language are overextended
Theory of linguistic relativity
Speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language (i.e. having 2 vs. 50 words got rice)
Concept
A way of grouping of classifying the world around us
Typicality
The degree to which an object fits the average
Superordiante concept
Very broad and encompasses a large group of items
Cognition
Encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge
Reasoning
The drawing of conclusions from evidence
Deductive reasoning
The process of drawing logical conclusions from general statements
Inductive reasoning
The process of drawing general inferences from specific observations
Heuristics
Intuitive rules that may or not be useful in a given situation
Availability heuristics
The conclusion is drawn from what events comes readily to the mind
Representativeness heuristic
Judge objects and events in terms of how closely they match the prototype of the objects of event
Insight
The sudden understanding of a problem or a potential strategy for solving a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem in a new way
Functional fixedness
The tendency to assume that a given item is useful only for the task for which it was designed
Confirmation bias
The search for information that supports a particular view
Hindsight bias
The tendency after the fact to think you knew what the outcome would be
Belief perseverance
Seeing only the evidence that support a particular position, despite evidence presented to the contrary
Creativity
The process of producing something novel yet worthwhile
