Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 2

No associative learning

Answer 2

When an organism is repeatedly exposed to one stimulus

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

Increase in responsiveness due to either a repeated application of a stimulus or a particular aversive or noxious stimulus

Question 4

Desensitization

Answer 4

A decreased responsiveness to an aversive stimulus after repeated exposure

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

When a neutral stimulus, paired with a perviously meaningful stimulus, eventually takes on some meaning itself

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

The initially neutral stimulus

Question 7

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

The initially meaningful stimulus

Question 8

Unconditioned response

Answer 8

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned responses

Answer 9

The response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning

Question 10

Generalization

Answer 10

The tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

The tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and a similar stimulus

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

When the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli have occurred with enough frequency that they neural stimulus alone will elicit the conditioned response

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

The elimination of the conditioned response

Question 14

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Question 15

Operant conditions

Answer 15

An organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward of avoid punishment

Question 16

Law of effect

Answer 16

Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated

Question 17

Primary reinforcement

Answer 17

Natural reinforcers (food, water, sex)

Question 18

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 18

Learned reinforcers (learning that money has value)

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

A reward or event that increases the likelihood that a particular response will be repeated

Question 20

Negative reinforcement

Answer 20

The removal of an averíese event in order to encourage behavior

Question 21

Omission training

Answer 21

Decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

Question 22

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 22

The frequency with which an organism receives e reinforcement for a given response

Question 23

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 23

Every correct response that is emitted results in a reward

Question 24

Partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 24

Schedule of reinforcement in which not all responses are reinforced

Question 25

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 25

The reward always occur after a fixed number of responses

Question 26

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 26

The ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable

Question 27

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 27

Reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time, as long as there is any least one response

Question 28

Variable interval schedule

Answer 28

Reinforcement is presented at different time intervals, as long as they’re is on response

Question 29

Escape

Answer 29

Individual learns how to get away from an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior

Question 30

Avoidance

Answer 30

When a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented

Question 31

Behavior modification

Answer 31

A combination of reinforcers and punishers designed to alter behavior

Question 32

Learning helplessness

Answer 32

Efforts consistently fail to bring rewards

Question 33

Social learning

Answer 33

Learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as consequences of that behavior

Question 34

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 34

Animals that eat a food and then experience nausea will not eat that food if they ever encounter it against

Question 35

Cognitive map

Answer 35

Mental representation

Question 36

Latent learning

Answer 36

Learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation calls for it

Question 37

Insight learning

Answer 37

When one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem