Motivation Flashcards
What are the theoretical perspectives of Motivation?
Needs, Behavioural, Cognitive Choice, Self-Regulation Theories
What is motivation?
3 Components: Direction, Effort, Persistence.
Working hard, for a long time, and staying on task
What are two types of motivation distinguished in study of OB? (Organizational behaviour)
intrinsic (internal)
-Stems from relationship
between worker and
task
eg: interest, feeling of achievement, challenge, desire for meaning
extrinsic (external)
-Stems from
environment external
to the task
Ex. Pay, benefits, praise
What are the large factors comprising the measure of ones performance
Motivation
- Effort
- Persistence
- Direction
Individual Characteristics
- Gen. Mental Abil. (GMA) - Emotional Intell. (EI) - Personality - Chance - Task Understanding
What are 4 Components of Emotional Intelligence?
- Personal Competence (Identifying/Perceiving)
- Awareness of internal states. Accurate assessment of emotion
- Motivation (using emotions)
- They guide/facilitate reaching goal.
- Facilitate thinking and problem solving - Social Competence (Understanding/ Managing)
- They change over time
- manage internal states and impulses
- empathy
- Social Skills (influencing others)
- Adapt and induce a desirable response in others
- Influence effective tactics
- Communication/conflict management
Which Theory questions ‘What’ motivates people? Which theory explores ‘How’ motivation occurs?
Need Theories explores ‘what’
Behavioural/ Cognitive Choice/ Self-Regulation Theories explore How
Name 4 Needs Theories
Maslows Hierarchy
Alderfers ERG Theory (Existence, Relatedness, Growth)
Hertzberg’s 2 factor (Motivators and Hygienes)
McClellands Theory of Social Motives
What are some assumptions of needs theories?
- Motivation comes from within
- People seek situations that satisfy their needs
- To motivate others, must provide opportunity for satisfaction
What are Maslows 5 Hierarchical needs from most basic to highest order?
-Physiological
>Food, water, air, sex, sleep
-Safety
> Protection, security
-Love (relationships)
> family, affection
-Esteem
> Achievement, reputation
-Self Actualization
> Personal growth/fulfillment
What does Maslows Hierarchy dictate about needs and their effective motivation?
Higher order needs only become motivators when every need below them has been satisfied to a degree.
A satisfied need is no longer an effective motivator
Describe Herzbergs 2 Factor Theory
The theory is particularly designed around workplace satisfaction, and less around general life
-> Factors in workplace cause either dissatisfaction or satisfaction. Not both!
That is to say, a workers state of satisfaction doesn’t exist on a continuum, where dissatisfaction intrinsically diminishes as satisfaction increases. Rather, some aspects of work contribute to satisfaction exclusively, and others to dissatisfaction exclusively, and each of these sets must be attended to independently.
What is the difference between a Motivator and a Hygiene Factor in Herzbergs two factor model?
Motivators are factors which lead to feelings of job satisfaction. They tend to be related to what an individual does. The lack of motivators does not necessarily lead to dissatisfaction. EG: challenging work, responsibility, sense of importance, involvement in decision making
Hygiene factors are so called ‘maintenance factors,’ which do not lead to positive satisfaction, but bring dissatisfaction by their absence. They tend to be extrinsic to the work itself EG: job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions. Company policies.
What are the ERG of Alderfers Theory?
Basically this guy is a leech piggybacking on Maslows fame smh i cri evertim
He just groups needs under larger umbrellas
Existence Needs:
Safety, and physiological
Relatedness Needs:
Relationships and
interpersonal esteem
Growth Needs:
Self actualization and self
esteem
What quirk of behaviour does Alderfer add to Maslows model?
He further postulates that when higher needs are not met (for example, Growth needs), people will tend to redouble efforts into satisfying their Relatedness needs further.
What are the 3 Social Motives of McClellands theory of needs
The motives/needs are NOT Hierarchical
Need for Achievement
(n Ach)
Need for Power
(n Pow)
Need for Affiliation
(n Aff)
What are some other names for McClellands Needs theory?
Three need Theory
Learned Needs Theory
What is the core principle of McClellands Need Theory?
‘Individuals specific needs are acquired over time and shaped by life experience.’
Therefore people have different needs and should go about being satisfied in diff ways.
What do people with nAch feel?
Seek to excel, succeed.
Avoid low risk: too easy
Avoid high risk: too chancy
Associate with high achievers, or work alone
Need feedback
What do people with nAff feel?
Need harmonious relationships.
Feel accepted
Conform to norms
Prefer work with social interaction
What do people with nPow feel?
Two types of power needed… Personal and Institutional
Personal: Want to direct othes, (this need oft perceived as undesirable.)
Institutional: aka Social
want to orgnaize other peoples effort to further the group.
Managers with need for inst. power > need for personal power
What do needs theories imply?
People will seek out work that fulfills them, and perform better when fulfilled. Provide incentives, fulfill needs, and match worker needs to job demands
What are criticisms of Needs Theories?
Tautological: True by virtue of its form.
-> More descriptive than explanatory
Behaviour infers existence of needs. Needs are the presumed cause for behaviour. Which came first?
What is the idea of Radical Behaviourism?
School of thought-> Behaviour rather than mental states should be focus of study in psychology.
What are the principles of Reinforcement?
Behaviour is a function of its consequences
Frequency of behaviour can be increased or decreased by manipulating its consequences
