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PSY209 > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives of Motivation?

A

Needs, Behavioural, Cognitive Choice, Self-Regulation Theories

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2
Q

What is motivation?

A

3 Components: Direction, Effort, Persistence.

Working hard, for a long time, and staying on task

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3
Q

What are two types of motivation distinguished in study of OB? (Organizational behaviour)

A 
intrinsic (internal)
      -Stems from relationship 
         between worker and 
         task
eg: interest, feeling of achievement, challenge, desire for meaning

extrinsic (external)
-Stems from
environment external
to the task

Ex. Pay, benefits, praise

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4
Q

What are the large factors comprising the measure of ones performance

A

Motivation

  • Effort
    - Persistence
    - Direction

Individual Characteristics

 - Gen. Mental Abil. (GMA)
 - Emotional Intell. (EI)
  - Personality
  - Chance
  - Task Understanding
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5
Q

What are 4 Components of Emotional Intelligence?

A
  1. Personal Competence (Identifying/Perceiving)
    • Awareness of internal states. Accurate assessment of emotion
  2. Motivation (using emotions)
    - They guide/facilitate reaching goal.
    - Facilitate thinking and problem solving
  3. Social Competence (Understanding/ Managing)
    • They change over time
    • manage internal states and impulses
      - empathy
  4. Social Skills (influencing others)
    - Adapt and induce a desirable response in others
    - Influence effective tactics
    - Communication/conflict management
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6
Q

Which Theory questions ‘What’ motivates people? Which theory explores ‘How’ motivation occurs?

A

Need Theories explores ‘what’

Behavioural/ Cognitive Choice/ Self-Regulation Theories explore How

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7
Q

Name 4 Needs Theories

A

Maslows Hierarchy
Alderfers ERG Theory (Existence, Relatedness, Growth)
Hertzberg’s 2 factor (Motivators and Hygienes)
McClellands Theory of Social Motives

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8
Q

What are some assumptions of needs theories?

A
  • Motivation comes from within
  • People seek situations that satisfy their needs
  • To motivate others, must provide opportunity for satisfaction
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9
Q

What are Maslows 5 Hierarchical needs from most basic to highest order?

A

-Physiological
>Food, water, air, sex, sleep

-Safety
> Protection, security

-Love (relationships)
> family, affection

-Esteem
> Achievement, reputation

-Self Actualization
> Personal growth/fulfillment

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10
Q

What does Maslows Hierarchy dictate about needs and their effective motivation?

A

Higher order needs only become motivators when every need below them has been satisfied to a degree.

A satisfied need is no longer an effective motivator

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11
Q

Describe Herzbergs 2 Factor Theory

A

The theory is particularly designed around workplace satisfaction, and less around general life

-> Factors in workplace cause either dissatisfaction or satisfaction. Not both!

That is to say, a workers state of satisfaction doesn’t exist on a continuum, where dissatisfaction intrinsically diminishes as satisfaction increases. Rather, some aspects of work contribute to satisfaction exclusively, and others to dissatisfaction exclusively, and each of these sets must be attended to independently.

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12
Q

What is the difference between a Motivator and a Hygiene Factor in Herzbergs two factor model?

A

Motivators are factors which lead to feelings of job satisfaction. They tend to be related to what an individual does. The lack of motivators does not necessarily lead to dissatisfaction. EG: challenging work, responsibility, sense of importance, involvement in decision making

Hygiene factors are so called ‘maintenance factors,’ which do not lead to positive satisfaction, but bring dissatisfaction by their absence. They tend to be extrinsic to the work itself EG: job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions. Company policies.

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13
Q

What are the ERG of Alderfers Theory?

A

Basically this guy is a leech piggybacking on Maslows fame smh i cri evertim

He just groups needs under larger umbrellas

Existence Needs:
Safety, and physiological

Relatedness Needs:
Relationships and
interpersonal esteem

Growth Needs:
Self actualization and self
esteem

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14
Q

What quirk of behaviour does Alderfer add to Maslows model?

A

He further postulates that when higher needs are not met (for example, Growth needs), people will tend to redouble efforts into satisfying their Relatedness needs further.

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15
Q

What are the 3 Social Motives of McClellands theory of needs

A

The motives/needs are NOT Hierarchical

Need for Achievement
(n Ach)

Need for Power
(n Pow)

Need for Affiliation
(n Aff)

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16
Q

What are some other names for McClellands Needs theory?

A

Three need Theory

Learned Needs Theory

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17
Q

What is the core principle of McClellands Need Theory?

A

‘Individuals specific needs are acquired over time and shaped by life experience.’

Therefore people have different needs and should go about being satisfied in diff ways.

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18
Q

What do people with nAch feel?

A

Seek to excel, succeed.

Avoid low risk: too easy
Avoid high risk: too chancy

Associate with high achievers, or work alone

Need feedback

19
Q

What do people with nAff feel?

A

Need harmonious relationships.
Feel accepted
Conform to norms
Prefer work with social interaction

20
Q

What do people with nPow feel?

A

Two types of power needed… Personal and Institutional

Personal: Want to direct othes, (this need oft perceived as undesirable.)

Institutional: aka Social
want to orgnaize other peoples effort to further the group.

Managers with need for inst. power > need for personal power

21
Q

What do needs theories imply?

A

People will seek out work that fulfills them, and perform better when fulfilled. Provide incentives, fulfill needs, and match worker needs to job demands

22
Q

What are criticisms of Needs Theories?

A

Tautological: True by virtue of its form.

-> More descriptive than explanatory

Behaviour infers existence of needs. Needs are the presumed cause for behaviour. Which came first?

23
Q

What is the idea of Radical Behaviourism?

A

School of thought-> Behaviour rather than mental states should be focus of study in psychology.

24
Q

What are the principles of Reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is a function of its consequences

Frequency of behaviour can be increased or decreased by manipulating its consequences

25
Q

Describe Operant Learning

A

Similar to Pavlovs Dogs.

Positive and Negative stimuli can be added OR removed, so as to influence desired behaviour.

26
Q

What are some criticisms of Radical Behaviourism?

A

Accurate but incomplete models.

  • Don’t explain what energizes behaviour
  • Don’t account for individual differences
  • Doesnt account for cognition
27
Q

What are 2 Cognitive choice Theories?

A

Expectancy Theory

Equity Theory

28
Q

What are the assumptions of cognitive choice Theories?

A

People make conscious choices of how to behave

Understanding these choices can lead to understanding of motivated behaviour

29
Q

Describe Expectancy Theory

A

A process theory of motivation

-> Individuals make choices motivated by outcomes they expect to occur as a result of their actions

30
Q

According to Expectancy Theory, what three factors influence motivation?

A

Expectancy-Perceived likelihood that one has the ability to perform behaviour

Instrumentality- Perceived likelihood that the behaviour will produce various outcomes

Valence- The value placed on the outcomes

31
Q

How does Expectancy Theory relate to Behaviourism?

A

Similar: ‘Behaviour is function of its consequence’

Key difference: Percieved results/effects are more important than actual

32
Q

What are criticisms of Expectancy Theory?

A

the system is so subjective that scores cannot meaningfully be compared between people.

-Assumes a greater degree of rationality than what actually occurs.

(That is, people can do things that make no fucking sense AMEN)

33
Q

Equity Theory, tha fuck is it

A

Idea that people act on the principle that they’re motivated to maintain a fair relationship.

34
Q

What behaviour does Equity theory predict?

A

Generally, that people will work more if they feel that what they’re earning demands it. On the flip side, people wont work as hard if they don’t feel that they aren’t being compensated in kind.

35
Q

How do people think about job earning discrepancies, according to Equity theory?

A

People might distort the truth to justify circumstances of pay differences.
“He must produce low quality work if hes being payed less”

(That may not be true, dickhead)

36
Q

What is Self Regulation Theory of Motivation?

A

Goal-Setting Theory
Basic Finding by Locke:
People assigned difficult and specific goals outperform those assigned easy, no, or ambiguous goals

37
Q

What are the mechanisms of setting goals?

A

Goal Setting:

  • Directs Action
  • Leads to Strategy Development
  • Increases Effort and Persistence
38
Q

What is a good goal-setting methodology?

A

Make your goals SMART

Specific
Measurable
Agreed Upon
Realistic
Time-bound
39
Q

What are 3 Motivational Techniques in the workplace?

A
  • Money
  • Incentivization of work
  • Merit pay
  • profit sharing
  • skills based pay
40
Q

What is the purpose of job design?

A

To capitalize on intrinsic motivation and identify and modify the characteristics that make some tasks more motivating than others

41
Q

what is the Job Characteristics model?

A

The model proposes several core job characteristics that have a psychological impact on workers.

42
Q

What are the 5 main motivating Job Characteristics?

A
  1. Skill Variety
  2. Task Identity
  3. Task Significance
  4. Autonomy
  5. Feedback
43
Q

What are the target Psych. states induced by good use of the 5 job characteristics?

A

Characteristics 1,2,3:
-Experienced meaningfulness of work

Autonomy:
-Experienced responsibility for outcomes

Feedback:
-Knowledge of results of activity

44
Q

What are the desired Personal and Work outcomes by good use of the 5 job characteristics?

A

High intrinsic motivation

High-quality work performance

High satisfaction

Low absenteeism and turnover

PSY209 (16 decks)

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