Groups and Decision Making Flashcards
What is a group
Two or more ppl interacting to achieve a common goal
What are 2 types of groups
Formal and Informal
Formal: Established by organization
Informal: Emerges naturally in response to common interests of organizational members
What is a Group Norm
Collective expectations group members have about others behaviours
What two characteristics do group norms have?
Descriptive(What most people do)
Prescriptive (Beliefs about what people should do)
What do norms provide?
Psychological security:
Comfort in predicting what people do.
Provide means to regulate behaviour
When is a norm established?
When you first enter a new situation. You search information to develop them by observing behaviour of established group members.
What happens when someone doesnt follow a group norm?
Alienation, chastising, punishment, shame of the individual.
What are three types of group tasks?
Additive tasks-Predict performance by adding up performance of individual members. Performance INCREASES with group size
Disjunction Tasks-Performance depends on performance of best member. Performance INCREASES with size
Conjunctive Tasks-Performance limited by weaker member. Performance DECREASES with size increase
What are group ‘process losses’?
When you have performance losses because as group size increases, communication and coordination problems arise.
How can you calculate group performance?
Actual Performance= Potential Performance - Process Loss
What is Group Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to group and are motivated to stay in the group.
How to increase group cohesiveness
- Make it smaller
- Increase time members spend together
- Increase group status and admission difficulty
- Stimulate competition with other groups
- Give rewards to the group (not individual)
- Physically isolate the group
How does diversity affect group cohesiveness?
Surface diversity (eg. age differences of members) is a superficial factor that doesnt have an effect in the long run.
Gender/ethnic diversity can have a small negative effect
What are some byproducts of group cohesion?
Much less absenteeism and turnover
How can group cohesion affect productivity?
High cohesion can work for or against the organizational task.
-> People can like to work together but not want to work.
Low cohesion will see individual productivity all over the place some low some high
What are the stages of group development?
Prestage 1
Stage 1- Forming(Testing waters What are we doing here?)
Stage 2- Storming(Conflicts can begin as roles established)
Stage 3- Norming(Group develops what their goals and norms are)
Stage 4- Performing(Once norms are agreed upon, group becomes cohesive)
Stage 5- Adjourning (geddafuqoutaher)
When can the group development stages be skipped or adjusted?
Highly structured tasks. For example, a flight crew can be complete strangers before boarding but still perform the job