Motivation Flashcards
Instinct Theory
Automatic, involuntary behavior patterns triggered by stimuli
Fixed-Action Patterns
Unlearned, genetically coded responses to stimuli,exhibited by all members of a species
ex: nest building, bird mating dances
Evolutionary perspective
“instinctual” behaviors have evolved because they were adaptive for promoting individual survival
ex: many in animals, in humans only infant reflexes
Drive-Reduction Theory
Behavior is guided by biological needs
HOMEOSTASIS
Primary drives
(Drive-Reduction)
Stem from biological needs like food and water (unlearned)
Secondary drives
(Drive-Reduction)
Stimuli that acquires the motivational properties of primary drives
ex: farming so we do not go hungry
Arousal Theory
People seek to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A correlation between task performance and optimal level of arousal
Incentive Theory
Behavior is guided by the lure of positive incentives and the avoidance of negative incentives
-we do things just bc we like them or get something out of it
Lateral hypothalamus
Stimulation makes you hungry
Damage makes you full
-stimulate the last will make you fat
-makes us hungry
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Stimulation stops eating
Damage makes you hungry/eating
-makes us full
Stomach distention
wall stretches - send signal to brain that it is full
when stomach contacts, makes us hungry
Glucose
Have it = full
Insulin
Have it = full
Leptin
Have it = full
(Left in)=full
Ghrelin
HUNGER
Gremlin, growling stomach
What is nACH
Need to achieve
David McClelland
Learning Goal
Create a goal focused on getting better at a task. No end goal, just improving
Performance Goal
Reaching a specific benchmark like run a 7 min mile by summer
Theory X
Managers heavily watch employees and punish them and micromanage them.
(Hit goals, cannot fail)
Theory Y
Managers allow employees to be intrinsically motivated
(It is okay to fail, try again)
Flow
Completely involved, focused state of consciousness, looses track of time, being in the zone
(Pixar Soul Piano)
Grit
Passionate dedication to a long-term goal
-willing to preserve even when your not the best at something
Approach-Approach
2 attractive alternatives
(cake or cookies)
Avoidance-Avoidance
2 unattractive alternatives
(Homework or chores)
Approach-Avoidance
One thing, that is both good and bad but the alternative is nothing at all
ex: go to the party but your ex boyfriend is there or don’t go at all
Multiple approach-avoidance
Two things that are both good and bad
(choosing between 2 colleges with both good and bad stuff)
James Lange Theory
Awareness of physiological responses to stimuli create emotion, physical arousal then emotion
sight of oncoming car (perception), then pounding heart (arousal), then Fear (emotion)
Cannon-Bard Theory
Simultaneous tigger
-physiological response and subjective experience of emotion at the same time
Sight of oncoming car (perception), then pounding hear and fear at the same
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor
Our physiology and our cognitions together create emotion
Sight of oncoming car (perception), then Pounding heart (arousal) and cognitive label like “I am scared”, then Fear (emotion)
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal
The event has to be deemed relevant or irrelevant before we feel an emotional response
Sightless fear
Emotions are processed through 2 paths in the brain - one directly to amygdala
-when scientists made rats deaf, and they put snake sounds, the rats heart rate still went up so the auditory information went to the thalamus and didn’t go to the auditory cortex bc they cannot hear but it went to the amygdala which is why they produced emotion
