memory! Flashcards
Memory
Learning that persists over time
Recall
retrieving info that was learned an earlier time
ex: fill in the blank question
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned
ex: multiple choice question
Relearning
learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
Hermann Ebbinghaus retention curve
the more he practiced a random list of words on day 1, the less time required to relearn it on day 2.
Speed of relearning is on measure of memory retention
-ex traveling to a country and trying to practice language
Encoding
Get information into our brain
Storage
maintaining information over time
Retrieval
Later get the information you learned back out
Parallel processing
We take in multiple different forms of information at the same time. This is especially important in vision.
For example, when you see a bus coming towards you, you see its color, shape, depth, and motion all at once.
Sensory memory
A mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell and taste
shortest memory
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, like 7 digits of a phone number before info is stored or lost
Long-term memory
Takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories.
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
ex :knowledge, skills, experiences
Explicit memories
Facts and experiences that we consciously know and declare
-knowledge and facts you know
also known as declarative memory
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and effort
does not mean that it is a lot of effort
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and frequency
things we remember without trying
ex:lyrics of songs we listen to on repeat
Implicit memories
Retention of learned skills (muscle memory)
How to do something
also known as nondeclarative memory
Space example
Remembering where on a page in your notebook a definition is when taking a test
Time example
Unconsciously noting the sequence of events in your day and backtracking when forgetting your backpack in an old class
Frequency example
Effortlessly keeping track of how many times something happened in a day
Ex: I ran into her 3 times today
Iconic memory
the storage for visual memory that allows people to visualize an image after the image is gone. It is a type of sensory memory that lasts just milliseconds before fading
When seeing a picture we can remember the details but it does not last for longer than a few tenths of a second
Iconic = eye
Echoic memory
ultra-short-term memory for things you hear
If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
ex: you teacher asked you ¨what did I say¨after you were distracted and you were able to remember what she said
George Miller, how many items we can store rule
7 pieces of info if nothing else distracts us
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
ex: acromyms like FOIL
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Hierarchies
Few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Distributed practice
We retain info better when over encoding is distributed over time
Shallow processing
Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning.
Deep processing
Thinking about information meaningfully (you are much more likely to remember that information)
