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Neuro Test 1 > More Stuff to review > Flashcards

More Stuff to review Flashcards

1
Q

CSF exits the 4th ventrical laterally from the foramen of _______ into the _____________

A

Foramen of Luschka into the subarachnoid space

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1
Q

CSF exits the 4th ventrical medially from the foramen of _______ into the _____________

A

Foramen of Magendie into the subarachnoid space

From here it drains into the central canal of the spinal cord

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2
Q

The internal carotid arteries supply the ______

A

Anterior/forebrain

including the Cerebrum, Choroid Plexus, Thalamus, and Hippocampus

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3
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the _________ and supplies __________

A

Vertebral artery

Supplies the medulla and cerebellum

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4
Q

The posterior cerebral artery is a branch of the ________ and supplies the

A

Branch of the basiliar artery

midbrain, diencephalon, hippocampus, thalamus, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

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5
Q

The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the _______ and supplies the _______-

A

Branch of internal carotid artery

globus pallidus, putamen, most lateral hemisphere, internal capsule, caudate

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6
Q

The anterior cerebral artery is a branch of the ________ and supplies ___________

A

Branch of internal carotid

supplies choroid plexus, Visual pathway, putamen, thalamus, capsule hippocampus

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7
Q

What areas of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

occipital, inferior temporal lobes, brain stem, cerebellar region, and spinal cord (basically the back and bottom of the brain whereas the internal carotid supplies the front)

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8
Q

A block to the ____ artery causes locked in syndrome, paralysis, and tetraplegia, loss of conciousness, or death

A

Basiliar artery

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9
Q

a clot to the anterior spinal artery will cause…..

A

paralysis, quadriplegia, autonomic dysfunction, loss of pain, temperature

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10
Q

If a blood clot blocks the vertebral artery what would occur?

A

head and neck pain, oculomotor abnormalities, death, abnormal levels of consciousness, ataxia, weakness, numbness, dizziness, H/A, vomitting

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11
Q

If a blood clot blocks the posterior cerebral artery what would occur?

A

declarative memory, pain, contralateral hemiparesis/hemisensory loss, eye movements, cortical blindness

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12
Q

What drains to the confluence of sinuses?

A

straight sinus, occipital sinus, and the superior sagittal sinus

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13
Q

The cavernous sinus drains into…..

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus

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14
Q

What sinus drains the diencephalon?

A

straight sinus

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15
Q

The great vein of galen drains into the _______

A

Straight sinus

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16
Q

What drains into the great vein of galen?

A

Superior cerebellum, interpeduncular fossa, inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, parahippocampal gyrus, corpus callosum, midbrain, and choroid plexuses of the third and lateral ventricles

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17
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus drains into the ________

A

Straight sinus

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18
Q

The optic nerve has no nuclei, but it’s fibers originate in the ______

A

Retina

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19
Q

Describe the nucleus/nuclei location of the olfactory nerve

A

No nucleus. Bulb is in forebrain.

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20
Q

Where is the nucleus of the occulomotor nerve?

A

Mid brain at the level of superior colliculus

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21
Q

Where is the nucleus of the trochlear nerve found?

A

Found at the mid brain, at the level of the inferior colliculus

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22
Q

Trigeminal nucleus location?

A

(lots of places, im just going to remember these 2)

Upper Pons, Lateral reticular formation

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23
Q

Abducens nucleus location?

A

Lower Pons

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24
Q

Facial nerve nucleus location?

A

Lower Pons

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25
Q

Vestibulocochlear nucleus location?

A

Pons-Medulla transition

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26
Q

Glossopharengeal nerve nucleus location?

A

Medulla

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27
Q

Nucleus location of the vagus nerve?

A

Medulla

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28
Q

Nucleus location of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Ventral horn of C1-C5

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29
Q

Nucleus locaton of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Medulla

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30
Q

The dorsal column crosses in the __________

A

Internal arcuate fibers in the medulla

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31
Q

The anterior spinothalamic pathway crosses in the _______

A

Anterior commissure in spinal cord (same level it enters)

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32
Q

The spino-emotional,spino-mesencephalic, spino-reticular, and spino-emotional fibers cross where?

A

In the spinal cord (same level it enters)

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33
Q

Where does the posterior spinocerebellar tract cross?

A

Uncrossed

Bonus Q: What is it’s nucleus called!

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34
Q

Where does the cuneocerebellar tract cross?

A

Uncrossed

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35
Q

What tract is associated with clarks nucleus and where is it located?

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar, C8/T1 - L2

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36
Q

Where does the first and second order neuron synapse at the cuneocerebellar tract?

A

Lateral cuneate nucleus in medulla

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37
Q

Where does the rostrospinocerebellar tract cross?

A

No crossing

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38
Q

Where does the rostrospinocerebellar tract relay information from?

A

Cervical spine + T1

(it’s an internal feedback tract, it doesn’t leave the CNS)

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39
Q

Within the grey matter of the cortex, ________ cells are the primary motor output cells

A

Pyramidal cells

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40
Q

Motor tracts in the brainstem are called ______ fibers

A

extrapyramidal

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41
Q

The corticospinal tract is for what?

A

Laterally- Fractional/distal movement

Medially- Automatical trunk movements

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42
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract for?

A

Face

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43
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract for?

A

posture/coordination of limbs

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44
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract for?

A

Medial- head control

Lateral- neck extensors

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45
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract cross?

A

midbrain

46
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross?

A

medulla at pyramidal decussation

47
Q

What is the flexor-extensor rule?

A

MN that innervate flexor are POSTERIOR

MN that innervate extensors are ANTERIOR

48
Q

What is the proximal-distal rule?

A

MN that innervate distal muscles are lateral to MN that innervate proximal muscles

49
Q

80-90% of the corticospinal fibers are _______

A

Lateral corticospinal

50
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract originates from the ______ motor cortex, whereas the medial corticospinal tract originates from the _____ cortex

A

lateral - primary motor cortex

medial- pre motor cortex

51
Q

Where does the raphespinal tract originate?

A

Raphe nucleus in upper medulla

52
Q

What motor tract originates in the cortex motor areas, and activates the nucleus of Cranial nerves which control the spinal accessory, facial, hypoglossal, and glossopharyngeal nerves
(basically this tract does motor function at the face)

A

Corticobulbar tract

52
Q

What spinal tract releases norepinerphine for tonic faciliation of muscle contraction?

A

Ceruleospinal tract

53
Q

What is the purpose of the premotor cortex

A

Prepares for multijoint movement

54
Q

What is the purpose of the supplementary motor cortex

A

Active prior to initiating movements that require sequence

55
Q

True or false: The cortibulbar tract and the LATERAL corticospinal tract arises from ALL 3 motor areas of the cortex

A

True. It arises from the Supplementary motor cortex, The premotor cortex, and the primary motor cortex.

meanwhile the medial CST only arises from premotor cortex

56
Q

Identify this structure

A

Optic Chiasm

57
Q

Identify this structure

A

Optic Tract

58
Q
A

Occulomotor nerve

59
Q
A

Trochlear nerve

60
Q
A

abducens

61
Q
A

Trigeminal

62
Q
A

hypoglossal

63
Q
A

Spinal accessory

64
Q
A

Facial Nerve

65
Q
A

Vestibulocochlear

66
Q

Identify the top and bottom structure

A

Parts of the Dura matter

Top: Falx Cerebri

Bottom: Tentorium Cerebelli

67
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

unconscious processes like sleep-wake cycle and breathing

68
Q

What is the function of this area?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

For spatial awareness and memories

69
Q

What is this foramen and what goes through it?

A

Foramen lacerum

Filled with cartilage

70
Q

What artery travels through this groove?

A

Middle meningeal artery

71
Q

What travels through this groove?

A

superior petrosal sinus

72
Q

What is this foramen and what travels through it?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Facial nerve exits through here because it’s connected to the internal auditory meatus

73
Q

Identify this structure and it’s purpose

A

Corpus Callosum

Made of comissural fibers to allow both sides of the brain to communicate

74
Q

What are the 2 pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar

75
Q

What tract crosses at the pyramidal decussation in the medulla?

A

LateralCorticospinal

76
Q
A

Ventral median fissure

Also note the existence of the other fissures!

77
Q

In the body, the ______ is the most lateral portion of the CNS

A

Spinal nerve

78
Q

True or false: The dorsal and ventral rami are a part of the PNS

A

true

79
Q

Identify this tract (Yellow)

A

Propriospinal tract (contained entirely within spinal cord)

80
Q

What side of the brain is the Broca’s and Wernicke’s area found in (speech)

A

Left

81
Q

Where do the 1st/2nd order neurons of the Gracile Fasciculus synapse?

A

In the lower medulla- Gracile Nucleus

82
Q

Where do the 2nd order neurons of the gracile fasciculus start and end?

A

Start in medulla at the gracile fasciculus and go to the thalamus

83
Q

Where does the 3rd order neuron of the gracile fasciculus starts and ends where?

A

Thalamus to Cortex

84
Q

Where do the 1st and 2nd order neurons synapse for the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract?

A

1st synapse at Clark’s nucleus in c8/t1-l2

AKA Rexed laminae 7

85
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract goes through the ______ peduncle to the cortex

The anterior spinocerebellar tract goes through the ______ peduncle to the cortex

A

Posterior goes through inferior

Anterior goes through superior

86
Q

What is the function of the anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Monitors motor signals from interneurons and descending motor neurons and modulates them

87
Q

Where does the anteriolateral tract first synapse?
Bonus be specific

A

Dorsal Horn

Bonus: substantia gelatinosa

88
Q

Where is the 2nd spot that the anterior-lateral spinothalamic tract synapses?

A

Thalamus

89
Q

Describe the path of the 2nd order neurons of the anteriolateral tract

A

From dorsal horn -> through anterior commissure -> up spinal cord -> synapses in thalamus

90
Q

Describe the pathway of the 3rd order neurons of the Anteriolateral spinothalamic tract

A

From thalamus to somatosensory cortex

91
Q

What are the 4 Medial motor tracts?

A

Medial cortiospinal + medial vestibulospinal + lateral vestibulospinal + reticulospinal

92
Q

After a brain injury, the reticulospinal tract can cause…

A

Abnormal synergies due to activation without adjustment from corticospinal tract

93
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract start?

A

Pre motor cortex

94
Q

Describe the pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

Primary motor cortex -> medulla (crosses in pyramidal decussation) -> descends spinal cord -> synapses at interneurons and LMN in ventral horn

95
Q

What tract releases seratonin?

A

Raphespinal

96
Q

The 1st and 2nd order neurons for the Cuneocerebellar synapse where?

A

Lateral Cuneate Nucleus in Medulla

97
Q

What part of the brain does “Declarative memory”

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

98
Q

What is region 1 and what tract runs through here?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

Spinothalamic tracts

99
Q

What is region 2, and what tract runs through here?

A

Clarke’s nucleus

Posterior spinocerebellar

100
Q

What is region 3 and 4 and what tract runs through here

A

3- Lateral motor nuclei (contains lateral corticospinal tract)

4- Medial motor nuclei (Contains medial corticospinal tract)

101
Q

Identify this

A

Pyramidal Decussation

102
Q

Identify this and what it does

A

substantia nigra in upper midbrain

Makes dopamine

103
Q

Identify this

A

Intermedialateral cell column in thoracic

mediates the sympathetic innervation of the body

104
Q

Identify this, and is it more associated with a venous system leak or an arterial system leak?

A

Epidural hematoma

FAST Arterial

105
Q

Identify this, and is it more associated with a venous system leak or an arterial system leak?

A

Subdural hematoma

SLOW venous leak

106
Q

Identify 1 and 2 and their significance

A

1: Lateral Motor Nuclei- lateral Distal muscle nerves

2: Medial Motor Nuclei- Medial proximal muscle nerves

107
Q

What vertebral level corresponds with the lumbar enlargement?

A

T10

108
Q

What structure runs here?

A

Posterior spinal artery

109
Q

What structure runs here?

A

Anterior spinal artery

110
Q

What structure comes out here?

A

Dorsal root

111
Q

What structure comes out here?

A

ventral root

112
Q

1st order neurons of spinothalamic tract synapse in the _____________

A

Substantia gelatinosa

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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