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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a synapse?

A

Pre-synaptic terminal

Synaptic Cleft

Post-synaptic terminal

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2
Q

If a synapse is ______, the presynaptic effect occurs

A

axoaxonic

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3
Q

a strong excitatory stimulus in the presynaptic terminal leads to ____________.

more ________ leads to larger amount of neuro transmitter released

A

More action potentials

action potentials

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4
Q

IPSP means what?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

Local hyperpolarization that occurs with the influx of **Cl- or K+ OUT of neuron **

Remember: Na Ca (NASA) flows in (during EPSP), whereas CL K clocks out! (During IPSP)

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5
Q

Summation of (EPSP OR IPSP) determines whether or not an action potential is generated?

A

EPSP

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6
Q

What is pre synaptic facilitation

A

When the 1st presynaptic neuron causes slight local depolarization of a 2nd neurons presynaptic terminal

When an AP arrives, the duration is increased allowing for more CA2+ influx

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7
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition

A

1st presynaptic neuron causes a 2nd to have local hyperpolarization

therefore when an AP arrives, the duration is decreased allowing less CA2+ influx

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8
Q

What has a longer duration, Neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

A

Neuromodulators.

Neuromodulators last for **mins to days **whereas neurotransmitters last for milliseconds to Mins

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9
Q

Which of the following use EPSP and IPSP as their method of action.

Neuromodulator or Neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmitter

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10
Q

What is the method of action of neuromodulators?

A

Alter gene expression

open ion channels

change metabolism

affects many neurons

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters act in the synapse whereas neuromodulators act in the ___________

A

Extra cellular space

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12
Q

Neuro messengers can function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmiter depending on…

A

If they’re released in the synapse or the extracellular space

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13
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter is related to

A. Type of receptor

or

B. Type of chemical that the neurotransmitter is

A

A. type of receptor

Some neurotransmittors can be excitatory in some places and inhibitory in other places

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14
Q

At rest, ligand gated ion channels are _____

A

Closed

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15
Q

What is a G-Protein?

A

Guanine Nucleotide binding protein

A protein that alters the electrical excitability of neurons, can activate ion channels

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16
Q

What is faster, a G protein activated channel or a Ligand gated ion channel

A

Ligand gated

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17
Q

Drug that binds to receptor and copies the action of neurotransmitters

A

Agonist

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18
Q

Acetylcholine, Glutamate, and GABA are all….

A

Amino Acids

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19
Q

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and seratonin are all considered…

A

Amine

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20
Q

Substance P is considered a…

A

Peptide

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21
Q

Where is acetylcholine produced

A

produced in Basal forebrain and midbrain

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22
Q

All neurons that synapse with skeletal muscles use _____ to elicit a fast acting effect on muscle membranes. It’s an excitatory neurotransmitter found in muscle junctions

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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23
Q

Blocking ____ receptors causes weakness, fatigue, and paralysis

A

Acetylcholine

24
Q

Acetylcholine effects the Autonomic nervous system by

A

Slowing HR

Constricting Pupils

and Increases smooth muscle contractions/ digestion

25
Q

Acetylcholine effects the brain by

A

Stimulating arousal, pleasure, and cognitive function

Acts as a slow neuromodulator in control of movement and attention

26
Q

______ is the principal fast excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS in virtually every brain region and related to neural changes with learning and development

A

Glutamate

“Glutamate is the most exciting and that’s why he’s our mate”

27
Q

Glutamate levels must be closely regulated, excess levels can lead to

A

Excitotoxicity/neuron death

epileptic seizures

28
Q

______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Especially with interneurons in the spinal cord

A

GABA

29
Q

Alcohol, barbiturate, anticonvulsants, and baclofen mimic what neurotransmitter

A

GABA (Inhibitor to CNS)

30
Q

______ inhibits postsynaptic membranes mostly in the brainstem and spinal cord

A

Glycine

31
Q

Huntington’s disease causes loss of neurons in the striatum that use _____ with jerky and involuntary movements and cognitive decline

A

GABA

32
Q

Dopamine is produced in the _____ of the brain

A

Substantia Nigra of brain

33
Q

All receptors of dopamine are _______

A

Secondary messengers

34
Q

What disease is associated with a lack of dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s disease

35
Q

Secondary messenger systems are typically (faster or slower)

A

Slower

36
Q

Excessive ______ levels are seen in cocaine or amphetamine abuse by preventing reuptake by presynaptic terminals

A

dopamine

37
Q

Where is norepinephrine produced?

A

Brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus

38
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by neurons of the autonomic nervous system and secreted by adrenal glands, which is responsible for “fight or flight”

A

Norepinephrine

39
Q

Excessive ______ is found in people with PTSD

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

______ is involved in mood, pain perception, arousal, and motor activity

Low levels seen in depression

Lowest during REM sleep

A

Seratonin

41
Q

_______ stimulates nerve endings at injury sites

acts as a neurotransmitter carrying CNS information from spinal cord to brain

A

Substance P

42
Q

What neurotransmitter can also act as a neuromodulator in pain syndromes, and modulates immune system during times of high stress

A

Substance P

43
Q

Lambert Eaton syndrome is….

A

Antibody damage to volatage gated Ca2+ in presynaptic terminal of neuromuscular junction

-Decreased release of neurotransmitters
-decreased muscle excitation
-muscle weakness

How i will remember: Lambert Eaton needs to eat more calcium because his muscles are weak”

44
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is…

A

Antibodies (autoimmue) cause damage to AcH receptors on muscle cells. (You still have plenty of AcH)

-Causes fatigue
-can be life threatening

45
Q

When a pre-synaptic terminal depolarizes, the voltage gated ____ channels open

A

Ca+

46
Q

EPSP means what?

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

-The local depolarization that occurs with the flow of Na+ and Ca2+ into the neurons

A summation of EPSP’s facilitates Action Potential generation

47
Q

When stimulation duration is _____ in the presynaptic cell, the series of action potentials is longer

A

longer

48
Q

If a synapse is _____ , _____ or ______ , the ions flow through the ligand-gated channels to cause local membrane potential

A

Neuromuscular, axosomatic, or axodendritic

(not axoaxonic)

49
Q

Define a synapse

A

Where a neuron transfers information to 1 or more neurons/muscle

specialized zone of contact

50
Q

Receptors for opiod peptides are mainly found where?

A

Spinal cord, hypothalamus, and brainstem in areas that inhibit pain perception

51
Q

What are 2 causes of an increase in the number of receptors for a specific neuro transmitter

A

Infrequent activation or low levels of neurotransmitter

52
Q

Overstimulation of post synaptic receptors can cause…

A

A decrease in the number of receptors available

53
Q

What are two ways that the body restricts the number of receptors available

A

Inactivate receptors

or Internalize receptors into cell body

54
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd messenger in the G-Protein second messenger system

A

1st- Neuromodulator

2nd- Chemical produced inside neuron

55
Q

What are the 3 steps of a G protein activation of ion channels

A
  1. Receptor Protein alters shape and internal G protein is triggered
  2. G protein subunits break away and bind to ion channels
  3. Ion channels open

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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