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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Choroid plexus

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2
Q

What is the purpose of CSF?

A

Clear waste, supply nutrients

Provide shock absorption to brain

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3
Q

What is the shape of the lateral ventricles?

A

The first 2 ventricles are C-Shaped lateral ventricles

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4
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle of the brain located?

A

Midline of the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

It is surrounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Posterior to pons/medulla, but anterior to cerebellum

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6
Q

What is the foramina of monro

A

Where the 2 C shaped lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle

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7
Q

What are the 2 inner layers of the dura mater?

A

Falx Cerebi

Tentorium Cerebelli

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8
Q

The inner and outer layer of the dura mater is fused except at the _____ which collect CSF and venous blood

A

Dural sinuses

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9
Q

The villi/granulations of arachnoid mater do what?

A

go through dura into venous sinuses to allow CSF to flow into them

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Choroid plexus that turns blood into CSF

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Epithelial cells
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11
Q

True or false: CSF is a protein rich substance

A

True

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of a epidural hematoma

A

Due to fx of parietal or temporal bone tearing the middle meningeal artery

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13
Q

What kind of hematoma has a quick cumulation of blood, and presents with a period of lucidity followed by quick deterioraiton

A

epidural hematoma

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14
Q

What kind of hematoma is most often caused by venous bleeding and presents as a slow progressive deterioration

A

subdural hematoma

(not subdural hemorrhage)

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15
Q

Congenital or acquired Hydrocephalus

A

**Abnormal build up of CSF in ventricles
**
Infants with nonfused skulls will have enlarged heads

Children/adults with fused skull will have excessive pressure on white matter

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16
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus

A

When ventricular system is intact with blockage caudal to 4th ventricle

Basically the ventricular system can still communicate, but it cannot leave ventricals

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17
Q

What is noncommunicating/obstructive hydrocephalus

A

Blockage within ventricular system/ usually in the cerebral aqueduct

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18
Q

Meningitis has pain that increases with…

A

Upright position

Head movement

Sneezing/coughing

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19
Q

How many arteries supply the anterior spinal cord?

How many supply the posterior spinal cord?

A

1 “anterior spinal artery”

2 “posterior spinal arteries”

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20
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

Circular arteries that supply blood to brain

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21
Q

The vertebral arteries fuse to form what?

A

Basilar artery

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22
Q

The basilar artery feeds into what

A

The posterior cerebral arteries and superior cerebellar arteries

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23
Q

What is the parent structure of the posterior choroidal artery

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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24
Q

What regions of the spinal cord get the most blood supply?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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25
Q

Arteriovenous Malformation

A

Congenital

Arteries connect to abnormal vessels rather than capillaries and veins

Symptoms include local pain, can be found anywhere in body

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26
Q

What is the most common kind of aneurysm

A

Sacular aneurysm

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27
Q

Aneurysms worsen with…

A

Age and Hypertension

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28
Q

Why can’t parkingson’s patients take dopamine to help them?

A

Because it cannot pass the blood brain barrier, so they must take a precursor that can

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29
Q

What is the role of the pericyte cell?

A

Guards the blood brain barrier

30
Q

What parts of the brain are not protected by the bloodbrain barrier?

A

Areas that sample the blood or secrete things into the blood

Parts of hypothalamus and other areas close to 3rd/4th ventricle

31
Q

What causes cerebral arteries to dialate?

Relating to: BP, O2, PH, CO2, Lactic Acid…..

A

BP, O2, or pH levels are too low

OR CO2/Lactic acid is too high

If the inverse is true they constrict

32
Q

O2 use increases from brainstem to

A

cerebral cortices

33
Q

The cortex is more vunerable to O2 loss than…

A

The Life centers of brain stem

note:explains why people can live in persistent vegitative state for long time

34
Q

What is cerebral edema?

A

excessive fluid in brain

35
Q

What are 3 common causes of Cerebral edema

A

TBI, including concussion

Heart attack

High Altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

36
Q

Why is cerebral edema often progressive

A

Because fluid pressure causes ischemia and then arterioles dilate to deliver more oxygen but this leads to even more capillary pressure and edema

37
Q

What is the normal range of intracranial pressure?

A

5-15mmHG

Above 15 is abnormal and above 20 is pathological

Above 20 is contraindication for PT

38
Q

Where is intracranial pressure monitored?

A

measured by monitor in lateral ventricle

39
Q

Pressure against falx cerebri is likely to cause what? (Homunculus)

A

Issues at contralateral lower limb

Note: because it’s more medial and that is where the lower limb is located on the homunculus

40
Q

A cingulate herniation puts pressure on what?

A

Falx cerebri

41
Q

An Uncal herniation puts pressure on what?

A

Midbrain, causing Cranial nerve 3 dysfunction and loss of conciousness

42
Q

a central brain herniation puts pressure against what

A

Against diencephalon, moving it and the midbrain/pons down

Can stretch basilar artery and cause ischemia, paraylsis and impaired conciousness and oculomotor function

43
Q

A Tonsillar brain herniation causes what

A

Pressure on cerebellar tonsils, can impair conciousness

44
Q

superficial veins drain cortex and white matter blood into the _____-

whereas deep veins drain basal ganglia, diancephalon, and white matter blood into the ______

A

Superior Saggital Sinus

Straight sinus

45
Q

Where do the saggital sinus and the straight sinus meet?

A

At the confluence of sinuses

46
Q

What arises from the confluence of sinuses and drains into the jugular vein?

A

The transverse sinus

47
Q

What is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)

A

Brief localized loss of brain function

resolves in 24 hours

Medical emergency due to likelihood of future stroke

48
Q

A stroke is a cerebral vascular accident lasting longer than…

A

One day

49
Q

80% of all strokes are..

A

Infarcts (instead of hemorrage)

50
Q

What artery do most infarct strokes affect?

A

Middle cerebral artery

51
Q

What is the difference between embolus and thrombus

A

Embolus- clot traveled from somewhere else, quick onset

Thrombus- builds up over time

52
Q

What is a lacunar infarct?

A

small deep circulation infarct

53
Q

20% of all strokes are

A

Hemorrage strokes

-Sudden loss of function, severe headache/ loss of consiousness

54
Q

Complete blockage of the basilar artery causes

A

death due to ischemia of brainstem

55
Q

Vertebral arteries are prone to ______ force injuries due to abrupt cervical rotation or extension

A

shear force

56
Q

Partial blockage of the basilar artery can cause….

A

tetraplegia, numbness, loss of consciousness, cranial nerve damage

Locked in syndrome

57
Q

Anterior cerebral artery stroke are likely to cause….

A

Contralateral lower extremity issues

Personality changes

58
Q

Middle cerebral artery strokes are likely to cause

A

Language defects in the L brain

Spatial awareness defects/ nonverbal communication in the R brain

Also affects contralateral face and upper extremity

59
Q

A posterior cerebral stroke can cause….

A

Loss of Eye movements
Cortical blindness

declarative memory (hippocampus)

Pain, hemiparesis, hemisensory loss (thalamus)

60
Q

Watershed areas of the brain are vulnerable to _______

A

border-zone regions in the brain supplied by the major cerebral arteries where blood supply is decreased

Vulnerable to ischemia

61
Q

identify this herniation and what tissue does it press against

A

cingulate herniation

pressure against falx cerebri

62
Q

Identify this herniation and what it causes

A

Uncus hernation

causes pressure to midbrain and CN3
loss of conciousness

63
Q

Identify this herniation and what it causes

A

Central herniation

Pressure against midbrain moving it and pons down

Impaired oculomotor function, stretching of basiliar artery

64
Q

Identify this herniation and what it causes

A

Tonsillar herniation

pressure on brainstem

65
Q

What do they use to drain fluid from a patient with hydrocephalus

A

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

66
Q

What 2 structures receive the most dedicated space in the motor homunculus

A

Face and hands

67
Q

What structures have the most dedicated space on the sensory homunculus

A

The lips/tongue/throat

also the feet

68
Q

True or false: The distribution between body parts of the sensory/motor in the homunculus is fixed when you’re born

A

False, it changes based on the amount of sensory received in your life

example: if you lose your hand that part will shrink

69
Q

Take a moment to review the venous flow

A

Good work soldier

70
Q

What kind of herniation puts pressure on CN3?

A

Uncal herniation

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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