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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Glial cells?

A

Maintains homeostasis nourishment and regulation

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2
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon

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3
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Multiple dendrites and 1 axon

(these are the most common)

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4
Q

what are the types of Glial cells, (the glue of the nervous system)

A

Macroglia

and

Microglia

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5
Q

Astrocyte is a ___glia and it is

A

Macroglia

Star shape cells that include neural signalling

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6
Q

Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cells are a type of ___glia and they do what?

A

Macroglia

Forms myelin sheath

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7
Q

Which cells are the only supporting cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells (Form the myelin of the PNS)

Oligodendrocytes form the myelin of the CNS

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8
Q

Action potential is always the same strength: True or false

A

True

It is all or none, regardless of the stimulus strength

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9
Q

What is the membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70mV

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10
Q

Extra cellular fluid is ____

Whereas intracellular fluid is ____

at resting potential

A

Extracellular: Positive

Intracellular: Negative

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11
Q

Cell membrane is more permeable to ____ than sodium

A

Potassium

Why? More channels open for potassium than sodium

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels?

A

Leak

Modality Gated

Ligand Gated

Voltage Gated

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13
Q

The Na - K pump which requires ATP does what?

A

2 K+ into the cell

3 Na+ out of the cell

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14
Q

True or false: It is harder to stimulate a nerve in a hyperpolarized state vs a depolarized state

A

True

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15
Q

A stim has to reach the potentia of ____ to produce an action potential

A

-55mV

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16
Q

An action potential travels in ____ direction

A

one direction only!

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17
Q

During the rising depolarization phase what happens to the charge?

A

The charge goes from -70 to +30

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18
Q

During the falling repolarization phase, what happens to the charge?

A

the charge goes from +30 to -70

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19
Q

What happens to the charge during the hyperpolarization phase

A

The charge goes from -70 to -90

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20
Q

What channels open during depolarization?

A

Sodium (Na+) channels open and sodium enters which leads to a more positive charge

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21
Q

What channels open during repolarization

A

Potassium channels open and potassium exits which leads to a more negative charge since K+ is leaving.

meanwhile sodium channels close

22
Q

Depolarization only occurs where in salatory conduction?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

23
Q

What is continuous conducton?

A

AP propagates along unmyelinated axon, one by one

24
Q

What is salatory conduction

A

action potential spreads quickly throughout myelinated regions

25
What is the speed of a Nerve AP?
0.5ms to 2ms
26
What is the resting potential of skeletal and cardiac muscle?
-90mv
27
How long does a muscle AP last?
1-5ms (Less duration that cardiac/smooth muscle)
28
Cardiac and smooth muscle AP lasts how long?
10-300ms longer duration
29
What is the resting potential of smooth muscle
-20 to -50mv
30
How much faster is nerve conduction compared to conduction velocity of skeletal muscle?
x18 faster
31
What function do the microglia play in the nervous system?
Microglia = The Immune system of the CNS
32
Myelin shealths do what to AP transmission speed?
Increase the speed
33
More sodium (NA+) is usually present ____ the cell
Outside
34
The resting membrane potential is established when....
The movement of K+ outside the cell equals the movement of K+ inside the cell
35
What is a "leaky gate" ion channel
Small amounts of ions constantly diffuse through the membrane
36
What is a modality-gated ion channel?
*present in sensory neurons only Opens in reaction to mechanical/chemical/temp stimulus
37
What is a ligand-gated ion channel?
Opens when neurotransmitter binds to post-synaptic receptors, generating local potentials
38
What is a voltage-gated ion channel?
Opens in response to electrical charge
39
More NA and CL is typically found ____ (inside/outside) the cell and more anions and potassium is found _____
outside Inside
40
By what 3 mechanisms is the dynamic equillibrium maintained
negative charged anions trapped inside neuron passive leak of K+ and NA+ Na and K Pump that brings in 2 K+ and expels 3 NA+, powered by ATP
41
During initial depolarization, small changes in membrane voltage trigger _____
Voltage-gated NA(Sodium) channels
42
During depolarization, when voltage-gated NA+ channels let sodium in, what happens to the neurons charge
It goes from negative to positive, and an action potential is generated
43
What channels cause hyperpolarization and why?
Potassium channels. They remain open letting additional K+ out, which leads to the neurons charge going from -70 to -90 This is because K+ channels are slower to respond to AP depolarization
44
The refractory period of neurons can either be...
Absolute or Relative In absolute- it will not respond to stimuli until the refractory period is over In relative, it may respond to a stronger stimuli
45
What is the benefit of the refractory period of neurons
Prevents backflow of action potentials
46
What are 3 factors that affect action potential speed?
Diameter of axon- Larger means faster, allows more current to flow Myelin- leads to less loss of current to surroundings Temp- warm membranes react faster
47
What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier?
Saltatory conduction: AP leaps from node to node
48
Are Peripheral sensory and motor axons myelinated or unmyelinated?
Myelinated
49
Short axons in gray matter of CNS Some visceral autonomic axons Some pain fibers These are all examples of ______ fibers
Thin unmyelinated fibers Remember gray matter = nonmylinated
50
Spatial vs temporal summation
Spatial summation involves simultaneous signals coming from **multiple** presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron. Temporal summation involves a **single** presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron.
51
Where is the location of voltage gated Na channels?
Node of Ranvier

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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