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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Glial cells?

A

Maintains homeostasis nourishment and regulation

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2
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon

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3
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Multiple dendrites and 1 axon

(these are the most common)

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4
Q

what are the types of Glial cells, (the glue of the nervous system)

A

Macroglia

and

Microglia

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5
Q

Astrocyte is a ___glia and it is

A

Macroglia

Star shape cells that include neural signalling

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6
Q

Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cells are a type of ___glia and they do what?

A

Macroglia

Forms myelin sheath

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7
Q

Which cells are the only supporting cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells (Form the myelin of the PNS)

Oligodendrocytes form the myelin of the CNS

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8
Q

Action potential is always the same strength: True or false

A

True

It is all or none, regardless of the stimulus strength

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9
Q

What is the membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70mV

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10
Q

Extra cellular fluid is ____

Whereas intracellular fluid is ____

at resting potential

A

Extracellular: Positive

Intracellular: Negative

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11
Q

Cell membrane is more permeable to ____ than sodium

A

Potassium

Why? More channels open for potassium than sodium

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels?

A

Leak

Modality Gated

Ligand Gated

Voltage Gated

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13
Q

The Na - K pump which requires ATP does what?

A

2 K+ into the cell

3 Na+ out of the cell

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14
Q

True or false: It is harder to stimulate a nerve in a hyperpolarized state vs a depolarized state

A

True

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15
Q

A stim has to reach the potentia of ____ to produce an action potential

A

-55mV

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16
Q

An action potential travels in ____ direction

A

one direction only!

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17
Q

During the rising depolarization phase what happens to the charge?

A

The charge goes from -70 to +30

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18
Q

During the falling repolarization phase, what happens to the charge?

A

the charge goes from +30 to -70

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19
Q

What happens to the charge during the hyperpolarization phase

A

The charge goes from -70 to -90

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20
Q

What channels open during depolarization?

A

Sodium (Na+) channels open and sodium enters which leads to a more positive charge

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21
Q

What channels open during repolarization

A

Potassium channels open and potassium exits which leads to a more negative charge since K+ is leaving.

meanwhile sodium channels close

22
Q

Depolarization only occurs where in salatory conduction?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

23
Q

What is continuous conducton?

A

AP propagates along unmyelinated axon, one by one

24
Q

What is salatory conduction

A

action potential spreads quickly throughout myelinated regions

25
Q

What is the speed of a Nerve AP?

A

0.5ms to 2ms

26
Q

What is the resting potential of skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

-90mv

27
Q

How long does a muscle AP last?

A

1-5ms

(Less duration that cardiac/smooth muscle)

28
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle AP lasts how long?

A

10-300ms longer duration

29
Q

What is the resting potential of smooth muscle

A

-20 to -50mv

30
Q

How much faster is nerve conduction compared to conduction velocity of skeletal muscle?

A

x18 faster

31
Q

What function do the microglia play in the nervous system?

A

Microglia = The Immune system of the CNS

32
Q

Myelin shealths do what to AP transmission speed?

A

Increase the speed

33
Q

More sodium (NA+) is usually present ____ the cell

A

Outside

34
Q

The resting membrane potential is established when….

A

The movement of K+ outside the cell equals the movement of K+ inside the cell

35
Q

What is a “leaky gate” ion channel

A

Small amounts of ions constantly diffuse through the membrane

36
Q

What is a modality-gated ion channel?

A

*present in sensory neurons only

Opens in reaction to mechanical/chemical/temp stimulus

37
Q

What is a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

Opens when neurotransmitter binds to post-synaptic receptors, generating local potentials

38
Q

What is a voltage-gated ion channel?

A

Opens in response to electrical charge

39
Q

More NA and CL is typically found ____ (inside/outside) the cell and more anions and potassium is found _____

A

outside

Inside

40
Q

By what 3 mechanisms is the dynamic equillibrium maintained

A

negative charged anions trapped inside neuron

passive leak of K+ and NA+

Na and K Pump that brings in 2 K+ and expels 3 NA+, powered by ATP

41
Q

During initial depolarization, small changes in membrane voltage trigger _____

A

Voltage-gated NA(Sodium) channels

42
Q

During depolarization, when voltage-gated NA+ channels let sodium in, what happens to the neurons charge

A

It goes from negative to positive, and an action potential is generated

43
Q

What channels cause hyperpolarization and why?

A

Potassium channels. They remain open letting additional K+ out, which leads to the neurons charge going from -70 to -90

This is because K+ channels are slower to respond to AP depolarization

44
Q

The refractory period of neurons can either be…

A

Absolute or Relative

In absolute- it will not respond to stimuli until the refractory period is over

In relative, it may respond to a stronger stimuli

45
Q

What is the benefit of the refractory period of neurons

A

Prevents backflow of action potentials

46
Q

What are 3 factors that affect action potential speed?

A

Diameter of axon- Larger means faster, allows more current to flow

Myelin- leads to less loss of current to surroundings

Temp- warm membranes react faster

47
Q

What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Saltatory conduction: AP leaps from node to node

48
Q

Are Peripheral sensory and motor axons myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated

49
Q

Short axons in gray matter of CNS
Some visceral autonomic axons
Some pain fibers

These are all examples of ______ fibers

A

Thin unmyelinated fibers

Remember gray matter = nonmylinated

50
Q

Spatial vs temporal summation

A

Spatial summation involves simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron.

Temporal summation involves a single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron.

51
Q

Where is the location of voltage gated Na channels?

A

Node of Ranvier

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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