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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When is the pre-embryonic stage?

A

0-14 days

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2
Q

When is the embryonic stage?

A

Day 15 to 8 weeks

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3
Q

When does the fetal stage happen?

A

End of 8 weeks to birth

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4
Q

What stage does myelination begin?

A

Fetal stage

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5
Q

What forms the nervous system in the embryonic stage

A

Ectoderm

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6
Q

When does the neural tube develop?

A

Day 18 to day 26

(or day 21 depending on where in the slide you look, it folds over and forms on day 21)

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7
Q

The neural plate forms ________ from the ectoderm, and edges of plate fold. Folds grow together at day ____ forming the neural tube

A

Longitudinally

Day 21

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8
Q

The open ends of the neural tube is called the

A

Neuropores

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9
Q

The neural tube closes first in the ____ region

A

Cervical

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10
Q

The superior Neuropore closes day ____whereas inferior neuropore closes on day ___

A

Day 27 for superior

Day 30 for interior

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11
Q

Definition of myotomes:

A

All muscles that receive innervation from specific spinal level

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12
Q

The inner layer of the Neural tube becomes _____

Whereas the outer layer becomes ______

A

Inner layer: Grey matter

Outer layer: White matter w/ axon and glial cells

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13
Q

What is the definition of a dermatome?

A

All skin innervated by that level of the spinal cord.

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14
Q

What do the neural crests form?

A

Peripheral sensory neuron

Autonomic neurons

Endocrine organs

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15
Q

Somites first appear in what area? (Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Or Occipital)

A

Occipital region first, then caudally

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16
Q

The anteromedial part of the somite goes where

A

Scleroderm and then the vertebrae and skull

Remember:
Anteromedial part of somite > sclerotome > vertebrae and skull
Posteromedial > muscles of myotome
Lateral > dermatome becomes dermis

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17
Q

The posteromedial part of the somite goes where

A

Muscles of that myotome

Remember:
Anteromedial part of somite > sclerotome > vertebrae and skull
Posteromedial > muscles of myotome
Lateral > dermatome becomes dermis

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18
Q

The lateral part of the somite goes where

A

Dermatome

Remember:
Anteromedial part of somite > sclerotome > vertebrae and skull
Posteromedial > muscles of myotome
Lateral > dermatome becomes dermis

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19
Q

What is the connection of Pia, arachnoid, and dura mater from spinal cord to end of coccyx

A

Filum terminale

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20
Q

The spinal cord stops growing around what age?

A

Age 4/5

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21
Q

The vertebral column stops growing at what age

A

16-18

22
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus Medullaris

23
Q

When does brain development begin?

A

Day 28

24
Q

Brain Development begins after the closure of the..

A

Superior neuropore

25
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum w/ the central canal (4th ventricle)

26
Q

The posterior forebrain forms the…

A

Diencephalon including hypothalamus and thalamus

27
Q

The anterior forebrain forms what?

A

Telencephalon which becomes cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

The midbrain’s central canal forms the…

A

Cerebral aqueduct connecting the 3rd and 4th canals

29
Q

The _____ hemispheric areas do not grow as much as others

The edges of the lateral sulcus cover the _____

A

Lateral

Insula

30
Q

How do neurons travel to their final destination?

A

Send extension to brain surface and pull self along

OR

Climbing along glial cells before reaching center of brain

31
Q

How do neurons differentiate?

A

Differentiate based on where the cells end up, function is determined by location, not predetermined

32
Q

Several neurons may go to a single muscle cell during development but…

A

Only 1 goes to the adult muscle cell

33
Q

Myelination of long axons begin at ____ month of fetal stage, and finishes at ____ years

A

4th month of fetal stage

3rd year after birth

34
Q

Anencephaly

A

Undeveloped brain or incomplete skull

35
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation

A

Lower part of the brain pushed down into spinal canal

Think of arnold from Hey Arnold, the lower part of his brain has definitely been pushed into the spinal canal

36
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

Tissue attachments that limit movement of spinal cord

37
Q

Spina bifida

A

Condition that effects the spine where neural tube does not close

38
Q

Symmetric tonic neck reflex

A

During neck extension the arms will perform flexion and the legs will perform flexion. (Crawling position)

During neck flexion the arms will perform abduction and the legs will go to neutral (laying down position)

39
Q

What cognitive abilities decline with age

A

Working/ long term memory

Visuospatial memories

Verbal fluency

40
Q

What cognitive functions seem to be preserved with age?

A

Vocabulary

Comprehension

Remember: Dr. De Silva’s story about her mom having great vocabulary

41
Q

What percent of motor neurons die in healthy order adults

A

25%

42
Q

As a result of aging, myelin can become fragmented, which will undermine white matter. Where is this particularly present?

A

In the frontal and temporal lobes

43
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

*no impairment to QOL

Memory loss with or without cognitive involvement

May be able to do most ADLs, but some issues could be present

90% develop Alzheimer’s within 5 years

44
Q

What part of the neural tube becomes the motor plate which then innervates myotomes?

A

The ventral inner layer

remember ventral horn -> motor. The neural tube is basically just an early spinal cord

45
Q

What part of the neural tube becomes the interneurons

A

The inner dorsal layer

46
Q

What part of the neural tube divides into dorsal and ventral? (Inner or outer)

A

Inner

The outer layer becomes the white matter of the spinal cord, the inner layer divides into dorsal and ventral parts of the gray matter)

47
Q

A neural crest forms a peripheral sensory neuron which extends 2 processes, where do these go?

A

One goes to the spinal cord

One goes to the dermal part of a somite, forming a dermatome

48
Q

Where are the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons found?

A

Outside of the spinal cord, inside of the dorsal root ganglion

49
Q

Motor roots of the spinal cord are myelinated at _____ of age, but nerves from the cortex to motor neurons are not myelinated until ____ of age

A

1 month

2 years

Remember you cannot become a terrible 2 until you have myelinated motor neurons!

50
Q

The somites become the…

A

Dermatome/myotome/sclerotome(makes skeletal tissue)

51
Q

Initially the embryonic disc only has 2 layers, called the….

A

Endoderm and ectoderm

Mesoderm forms later

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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