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Molecular cell > more on the endomembrane > Flashcards

more on the endomembrane Flashcards

1
Q

extracellular vesicles

A

(EVs) are membrane-contained vesicles released in an evolutionally conserved manner by cells ranging from organisms such as prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes and plants

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2
Q

where are these extracellular transport vesicles released from

A

cells

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3
Q

where in the body are extracellular transport vesicle found

A

body fluids: urine, blood, fluid found around the brain and spinal

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4
Q

2 kinds of extracellular vesicles

A

micro vesicles and exosomes

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5
Q

role of exosomes and microvesicles

A

-immunology
-in blood
-central never system
0in bone

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6
Q

role of exosomes and micro vesicles in the blood

A

stimulation of coagulation, blood vessel formation and thrombosis

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7
Q

role of exosomes and micro vesicles win central nervous system

A

integration of neurones and various glial cell types, control of synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, neuronal glial communication and myelination

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8
Q

role of exosomes and micro vesicles in bones

A

modifying enzyme activity

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9
Q

extracellular vesicles can..

A

spread cancer

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10
Q

how can extracellular vesicles cause cancer

A

release content to extracellular space, due to the release of RNA and proteins causing a change in expression patterns within the nucleus

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11
Q

micro vesicles (ectosomes) size

A

500nm-1000nm diameter

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12
Q

microvesicles formation

A

occurs at donor plasma membrane and contains transfer proteins, mRNA and miRNAs. Uptake occurs via fusion with plasma membrane

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13
Q

exosome size

A

40-100nm

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14
Q

exosome formation

A

formed at early endosomes, released from late endosomes. Contain transfer proteins, mRNA and miRNA ( controls protein expression). Uptake via endocytosis or fusion with recipient plasma membrane

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15
Q

what are inside extracellular vesicles

A

transfer proteins, mRNA and miRNA

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16
Q

exosomes are non cytotoxic and therefore

A

well tolerated.

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17
Q

transfer of information using extracellular vesicles

A

RNAs and proteins are derived from donor cells and the exosomes protect their content against degradation and targets specific tissue.

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18
Q

extracellular vesicles can be

A

purified from blood and other fluids

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19
Q

peroxisomes

A

single membrane bound organelles that contain many enzymes- major site of oxygen utilisation and involved in lipid metabolism

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20
Q

mamalian peroxisomes contain … diff enzymes and over… peroxins

A

50 different enzymes and over 20 peroxides that mediate import

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21
Q

detoxification in peroxisomes generates

A

hydrogen peroxide which is degraded by catalase

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22
Q

hydrogen peroxide is degraded by

A

catalase

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23
Q

lipid droplets

A

fat storage droplets–> vary in size and are enclosed by a monolayer

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24
Q

when in starvation mode

A

the lipid droplet is broken down

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25
Q

where are lipid droplets produced

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

process of forming a lipid droplet

A

1) fatty acids cholesterol build up in the inner membrane of the SER
2 proteins attach to the outside of this area and a circular organelle is formed
3) Fat-acid-bdining protein (FABP) make gatty acid water soluble (thy shield the fatty acid by binding it in a hydrophobic pocket

27
Q

FABP

A

fat-acid binding protein –> used to make fatty acids water soluble –> needed for burning fat

28
Q

how much of the protein in liver cells do FABP make up

A

5%

29
Q

peroxisome genesis

A

part of the ER forms a precursor vesicle with a few cytosolic proteins and lipid. The growth by uptake of cytosolic proteins and lipid to form a peroxisome. . This will grow and fission will occur to form two peroxisomes

30
Q

important roles of peroxisomes

A

biosynthesis of cholesterol and breakdown of very long chain fatty acids (beta-oxidation)

31
Q

in plants what converts fats to sugar

A

glyoxysomes found close to lipid droplets

32
Q

nucleomorph

A

Nucleomorphs are small, vestigial eukaryotic nuclei found between the inner and outer pairs of membranes in certain plastids. They are thought to be vestiges of primitive red and green algal nuclei that were engulfed by a larger eukaryote.

33
Q

where are nucleomorphs found

A

in some algae

34
Q

nucleomorph simple

A

a DNA containing relict of an engulfed eukaryote

35
Q

definition of cytoskeleton

A

cytoskeleton consist of filamentous bio-polymers (microtubules, F-actin and intermediate filaments) and oaf associated proteins that modulate the activity, dynamics and organisation of the cytoskeleton (actin binding or microtubule binding proteins, such as molecular motors)

36
Q

filamentous bio-polymers in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, F-actin, intermediate filaments)

37
Q

proteins associated with the cytoskeleton

A

actin binding or microtubule binding proteins, such as molecular motors

38
Q

eukaryotic cytoskeleton provides

A

tracks that link the regions of the cell

39
Q

skeleton

A
  • -> connects all parts of the cell
  • -> supports motility
  • -> helps spatial organisation
40
Q

F actin location

A

found closest to the membrane

41
Q

microtubules location

A

spans from the centrosome to the outside of the cell

42
Q

intermediate filaments

A

found all around the cell

43
Q

three classes of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

A

f actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments

44
Q

f actin also known as

A

microfilaments

45
Q

F actin

A

7-9nm –> short range transport and cell migration

46
Q

Microtubule

A

25nm –> long range transport and chromosome inheritance (mites, meioses)

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

10nm –> mechanical strength

48
Q

cytoskeleton as well as proving tracks for intracellular trafficking, also provides..

A

stability for the cell e.g. extreme example: membrane cytoskeleton of red blood cells make them stiff and strong

49
Q

structure of F actin

A
  • made up of G actin monomers
  • f actin is made up of 2 photo filaments
  • actin exists as monomers and polymers
  • F actin will release G actin
  • cell switches between g and f actin
50
Q

most actin in the cell is

A

G actin

51
Q

how many different actin binding proteins ar known

A

160

52
Q

what do actin binding proteins d

A

they modify actin organisation

53
Q

actin forms

A

cellular protrusion
e.g. sterocilia on hair cells in the inner ear

e.g. microvilli on an intestine epithelium

54
Q

examples of different formations of actin

A

stabilising, capping, depolymerising, cross-linking, severing, moving, bundling

55
Q

ordered bundling

A

microvilli, sterocilia

56
Q

dynamic crosslinking

A

stress-fibres and muscle

57
Q

cross linking

A

network formation

58
Q

myosin is used in

A

actin in a ‘moving’ formation

59
Q

firkin, alpha-actinic is used in

A

bundling and stabilising

60
Q

filamin, spectrum are used in

A

sequestering/recycling and branching

Molecular cell (21 decks)

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