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Molecular cell > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

DNA associates with proteins into

A

chromatin

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2
Q

heterochromatin

A

remains packed after mitosis and is not transcriptionally active. 10% of the DNA

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3
Q

Euchromatin

A

transcriptionally active

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4
Q

heterochromatin is

A

black

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5
Q

euchromatin is

A

white

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6
Q

DNA is … wide

A

2nm and negatively charged

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7
Q

DNA associates with

A

8 coe histones which they wrap around twice (histones ar eposiitvely charged).

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8
Q

nucleosomes re

A

folded even tighter and produce a 30nm fibre.

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9
Q

interaction between DNA and ….. results in more package

A

histone 1–> produces a 300nm fibre.

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10
Q

DNA is further packed around

A

scaffold that contains specialised proteins

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11
Q

RNA pol 1

A

ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

mRNA

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13
Q

RNA pol 3

A

transfer RNA

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14
Q

RNA 4

A

plants, siRNA, required for heterochromatin formation

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15
Q

prokaryotes

A

just 1 RNA polymerase

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16
Q

the ER

A

found everywhere in the cell and is a membranous synthesis and transport organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope

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17
Q

tubules of the ER

A

are motile

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18
Q

two different types of ER

A

smooth and rough

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19
Q

rough ER

A

has ribosomes on the outside and is responsible for processing of secretory protein

20
Q

smooth ER

A

calcium store for cell signalling, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs/poisons, metabolism of carbohydrates

21
Q

cotranslational translocation into the ER

A

1) Ribosome assembles and binds mRNA
2) If polypeptide contains a signal sequence it is targeted to the ER membrane
3) The signal peptide is cleaved off and the protein is translated into the ER lumen where it is folded and further processed
4) Cytosolic proteins can contain signal sequences that target them to other organelles

22
Q

ER makes up… of the cells membrane

A

50%

23
Q

signal sequence for ER proteins usually consists of

A

5-10 hydrophobic amino acids at the N terminus

24
Q

where d most proteins get further modified

A

in the ER e.g. linkage to a sugar residue (oligosaccharide)

25
Q

what sort of plasma membrane receptors are there for insulin

A

type I, II and IV

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

disk shaped stack of membranes, golgi receive vesicles from the ER and process the content and from here the processed material can be sent to the plasma membranes or lysoosmse

27
Q

Cis (golgi)

A

vesicles from ER

28
Q

trans (golgi)

A

processed material to plasma membrane and lysosome

29
Q

how is material passed through the network (golgi)

A

via maturation of the golgi cisterns, finally the material will form into secretory vesicles

30
Q

who discovered golgi

A

camillo golgi

31
Q

how do you get a 3D view of the golgi

A

serial sections through the golgi are taken

32
Q

when are sugar residues on proteins e.g. glycoproteins NOT added

A

translation process

33
Q

role of oligosaccharides

A
  • protects against pathogens
  • cell-cell recognition
  • marks progression of the protein
  • helps folding and interaction with other proteins
34
Q

where are oligosaccharide chains processed and proteoglycans assembled

A

in Golgi

–> most proteins that arrive from the ER eat cis Golgi contain a N-linked oligosaccharide (glycoprotein)

35
Q

how many ways can oligosaccharides be linked to proteins

A

2 ways: N-linked

O-linked

36
Q

50% of all eukaryotic proteins are

A

glycosylated

37
Q

N-glycosilation already in

A

prokaryotes

38
Q

oligosaccharides can be linked to

A

asparagine and threonine

39
Q

at the cis network of the golgi

A

sorting: phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins

40
Q

at cis cisterna

A

removal of Man

41
Q

at medial cisterna

A

-removal of Man and addition of GlcNAc

42
Q

trans cisterna

A

-addition of Gal and addition of NANA

43
Q

trans Golgi network

A

sorting: sulfation of tyrosine sand carbohydrates

44
Q

three products from the golgi

A

lysosome, plasma membrane, secretory vesicle

45
Q

N-linked

A

inked by nitrogen

46
Q

O-linked

A

lined by oxygen

Molecular cell (21 decks)

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