DNA

Question 1

DNA associates with proteins into

Answer 1

chromatin

Question 2

heterochromatin

Answer 2

remains packed after mitosis and is not transcriptionally active. 10% of the DNA

Question 3

Euchromatin

Answer 3

transcriptionally active

Question 4

heterochromatin is

Answer 4

black

Question 5

euchromatin is

Answer 5

white

Question 6

DNA is … wide

Answer 6

2nm and negatively charged

Question 7

DNA associates with

Answer 7

8 coe histones which they wrap around twice (histones ar eposiitvely charged).

Question 8

nucleosomes re

Answer 8

folded even tighter and produce a 30nm fibre.

Question 9

interaction between DNA and ….. results in more package

Answer 9

histone 1–> produces a 300nm fibre.

Question 10

DNA is further packed around

Answer 10

scaffold that contains specialised proteins

Question 11

RNA pol 1

Answer 11

ribosomal RNA

Question 12

RNA polymerase 2

Answer 12

mRNA

Question 13

RNA pol 3

Answer 13

transfer RNA

Question 14

RNA 4

Answer 14

plants, siRNA, required for heterochromatin formation

Question 15

prokaryotes

Answer 15

just 1 RNA polymerase

Question 16

the ER

Answer 16

found everywhere in the cell and is a membranous synthesis and transport organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope

Question 17

tubules of the ER

Answer 17

are motile

Question 18

two different types of ER

Answer 18

smooth and rough

Question 19

rough ER

Answer 19

has ribosomes on the outside and is responsible for processing of secretory protein

Question 20

smooth ER

Answer 20

calcium store for cell signalling, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs/poisons, metabolism of carbohydrates

Question 21

cotranslational translocation into the ER

Answer 21

1) Ribosome assembles and binds mRNA
2) If polypeptide contains a signal sequence it is targeted to the ER membrane
3) The signal peptide is cleaved off and the protein is translated into the ER lumen where it is folded and further processed
4) Cytosolic proteins can contain signal sequences that target them to other organelles

Question 22

ER makes up… of the cells membrane

Answer 22

50%

Question 23

signal sequence for ER proteins usually consists of

Answer 23

5-10 hydrophobic amino acids at the N terminus

Question 24

where d most proteins get further modified

Answer 24

in the ER e.g. linkage to a sugar residue (oligosaccharide)

Question 25

what sort of plasma membrane receptors are there for insulin

Answer 25

type I, II and IV

Question 26

Golgi apparatus

Answer 26

disk shaped stack of membranes, golgi receive vesicles from the ER and process the content and from here the processed material can be sent to the plasma membranes or lysoosmse

Question 27

Cis (golgi)

Answer 27

vesicles from ER

Question 28

trans (golgi)

Answer 28

processed material to plasma membrane and lysosome

Question 29

how is material passed through the network (golgi)

Answer 29

via maturation of the golgi cisterns, finally the material will form into secretory vesicles

Question 30

who discovered golgi

Answer 30

camillo golgi

Question 31

how do you get a 3D view of the golgi

Answer 31

serial sections through the golgi are taken

Question 32

when are sugar residues on proteins e.g. glycoproteins NOT added

Answer 32

translation process

Question 33

role of oligosaccharides

Answer 33

- protects against pathogens - cell-cell recognition - marks progression of the protein - helps folding and interaction with other proteins

Question 34

where are oligosaccharide chains processed and proteoglycans assembled

Answer 34

in Golgi | --> most proteins that arrive from the ER eat cis Golgi contain a N-linked oligosaccharide (glycoprotein)

Question 35

how many ways can oligosaccharides be linked to proteins

Answer 35

2 ways: N-linked | O-linked

Question 36

50% of all eukaryotic proteins are

Answer 36

glycosylated

Question 37

N-glycosilation already in

Answer 37

prokaryotes

Question 38

oligosaccharides can be linked to

Answer 38

asparagine and threonine

Question 39

at the cis network of the golgi

Answer 39

sorting: phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins

Question 40

at cis cisterna

Answer 40

removal of Man

Question 41

at medial cisterna

Answer 41

-removal of Man and addition of GlcNAc

Question 42

trans cisterna

Answer 42

-addition of Gal and addition of NANA

Question 43

trans Golgi network

Answer 43

sorting: sulfation of tyrosine sand carbohydrates

Question 44

three products from the golgi

Answer 44

lysosome, plasma membrane, secretory vesicle

Question 45

N-linked

Answer 45

inked by nitrogen

Question 46

O-linked

Answer 46

lined by oxygen