last min before exam Flashcards
how many diff nucleoporins in a nuclear pore
30
lamina
keep nuclear pores evening spaced
where are lamina found
on the inside of the nuclear envelope
how can lamina importance be established
using DNA technology to turn off the gene for lamina- pores will cluster without
what are the intermediate filaments of nuclear lamina
lamins
when lamina is phosphorylated
nuclear envelope breaks down
nucleomorphs
nuclei in-between inner and outer membrane. vestiges of primitive red and green algae- engulfed
‘DNA relicts f an engulfed eukaryote’
nucleomorphs
F-actin is made out of
G-actin and forms 3 protofilaments
what do oligosaccharides do
- protect against pathogens
- cell-cell recognition
- shows progression of cell
- helps folding and interaction with other proteins
what are oligosaccharides linked to
asparagine and threonine
clathrin coat has
triskelion (3 arms) and needs no proteins to form
when vesicle becomes active
clathrin coat removal and recycling
golgi produces
lysosomes, plasma membrane and secretory vesicles
size of microvesicles
1000-5000nm
where are microvesicles formed
at the donor membrane
size of exosomes
40-100nm
exosome formed at
early endosome, released from late endosome
exosome fuses with target membrane via
futon or endocytosis
formation of lipid droplet
- fatty acid cholesterol build up in inner membrane of ER
- circular organelle formed
- FABP make fatty acid water soluble
preoxisomes
- biosynthesis of cholesterol
- breakdown of long chain fatty act (b-oxidation)
what are inside micro vesicles and exosomes
transfer proteins, mRNA and miRNA
rods and cones are
non-motile primary cilia
detoxification of peroxisomes generate
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen peroxide is degraded by
catalase
peroxisome
lipid metabolism
lipid droplets and peroxisomes are formed at
SER
lipid droplets and peroxisomes are
closely associated and often found near eachother
glyoxylates
convert fats to sugars in plants
intermediate filaments are structurally similar but
are made out of diff proteins e.g. vimenton, keratin, lamina pimentos
lamina is
an intermediate filament
growing and shrinking
dynamic instability
2 mechanisms employed by microtubule to move chromosomes
1) polymerisation/ depolymerisation of microtubule
2) molecular motors
microtubules used in mitosis
kinetechore
astral microtubule
used to attach centrioles to the poles of the cell
which drug is an anti-microtubule drug
nocodazole
myosin II involved in
cytokinesis and muscle contraction
tight binding of molecular motors occurs when
ATP binds
dynein
retrograde and minus end walks
kinesin
anterograde and plus end dances
myosin V
membrane trafficking
minus end
cell body
plus end
synapse
lynn margulus 1961
endosymbiont hypothesis
chloroplasts and mitochondria are
not part of the endomembrane system
why are chloroplasts and cyanobacteria linked
they both have a double membrane
which specific membrane lipid t both bacteria and mitochondria have
CARDIOLIPIN
which ion is used in signal transduction during photorelocation
calcium
photorelocation
when chloroplasts move
myosin XI
cytoplasmic streaming which is independent of photorelocation
what close plasmodesmata
formation of callose
plasmodesmata are widened by
movement of proteins
when are plasmodesmata formed
during cytokinesis
amyloplast
starch storage
chromoplast
colouring
cilia do not rotate because
unlike flagella they do not have a basal rotary motor
cilia bend due to
crosslinks
ParM involved in
plasmid segregation
FtsZ
cell division
Act 1
is required for final separation of daughter cell
