Moray Flashcards
1
Q
What does dichotic listening mean?
A
- 2 different stimuli coming into different ears
2
Q
What was the background (general)?
A
- a cognitive process, allows us to select information that is constantly being bombarded at our brains and concentrate on it, whilst at the same time also rejecting information
- referred to as selective/focussed attention
- research has been conducted into both auditory and visual selective attention
3
Q
What was the background (Cherry)?
A
- cocktail party effect -> skilled at tuning into 1 voice/conversation, while tuning out the other conversations. getting people to listen through headphones while 2 different messages were played in each ear (dichotic listening task). participants shadowed the message and ignored the other. Cherry found very little information could be remembered from the ignored message.
4
Q
What was the background (Broadbent)?
A
- filter model of selective attention -> sensory filter mechanism selected only 1 channel of incoming sensory information and blocked all others. says filtering occurs early in the process of selective attention
5
Q
What was the background (Johnson & Heinz)?
A
- can happen at any stage in processing of information. we can switch attention if the unattended channel becomes more meaningful to us.
6
Q
What were the aims?
A
- to provide an empirical test of Cherry’s findings
- to see if some kinds of messages break through the inattentional block to the rejected ear
- to see if expectations may affect the way the message to the rejected ear is processed
7
Q
What were some controls?
A
- apparatus -> Brenell Mark IV stereo tape recorded, twin amplifiers to give 2 different outputs
- loudness was matched, asking ppts to say when the message appeared to be equivalent volume
- ppts completed 4 trial shadowing tasks
- the loudness of each message was approx. 60db above hearing threshold, speech rate was approx. 150 words/min
- all passages were recorded by 1 male speaker
8
Q
What were the research methods (exp 1)?
A
- lab experiment, repeated measures design
9
Q
What was the sample (exp 1)?
A
- no sample size
10
Q
What were the IV’s (exp 1)?
A
- message played to the shadowed ear, message played to the rejected ear
11
Q
What was the DV (exp 1)?
A
- number of words recalled in the rejected message
12
Q
What was the procedure (exp 1)?
A
- different messages played in the shadowed and rejected ears -> rejected (word list repeated 35 times)
- ppts shadowed passage by repeating it out loud
- asked to recall all they could hear from the rejected message
- 30 second gap between test of recall
- word list -> similar material but not the same as the passage
13
Q
What were some results (exp 1)?
A
- mean words repeated out of 7: shadowed - 4.9, rejected - 1.9
14
Q
What were some conclusions (exp 1)?
A
- even if something is repeated it can still be blocked
- you recognise more while paying attention
15
Q
What were the research methods (exp 2)?
A
- lab experiment, repeated measures design
16
Q
What was the sample (exp 2)?
A
- 12 participants
17
Q
What were the IV’s (exp 2)?
A
- instructions to the rejected ear prefixed with ppts name, or not
18
Q
What was the DV (exp 2)?
A
- number of instructions to the rejected ear that were responded to
19
Q
What was the procedure (exp 2)?
A
- ppts had to shadow 10 paired passages of light fiction, 1 passage to left, 1 to right (10 times)
- told responses to shadowed ears would be recorded, told to aim to make as few errors as possible, ignore the rejected ear
- rejected ear -> middle of passage a random message played containing the ppts name, ‘… you may stop now’, next instruction had no name included
20
Q
What were some results (exp 2)?
A
- affective/presented = 39
- affective/heard = 20
- non-a/presented = 36
- non-a/heard = 4
21
Q
What were some conclusions (exp 2)?
A
- cognitive block can be broken down by something important to the participant
22
Q
What were the research methods (exp 3)?
A
- lab experiment, independent measures design
23
Q
What was the sample (exp 3)?
A
- 2 groups of 14 ppts
24
Q
What were the IV’s (exp 3)?
A
- digits inserted into 1 or 2 messages
- whether ppts asked about just shadowed or about all digits heard
25
What was the DV (exp 3)?
- number of questions answered correctly about the digits heard
26
What was the procedure (exp 3)?
- asked to shadow 1 or 2 dichotic messages
- digits were put in at the end of the message
- group 1: asked q's about shadowed message
- group 2: remember all the digits they can
27
What were some results (exp 3)?
- no difference in mean scores of digits recalled correctly
28
What were some conclusions (exp 3)?
- numbers are not important enough to break through the inattentional block
