Moray

Question 1

What is attention ?

Answer 1

Attention is a cognitive process that enables us to select information that is constantly being bombarded at our brains and concentrate on it at, whilst at the same time, rejecting information.

Question 2

What did Colin Cherry look at ?

Answer 2

Looked at cocktail party effect and he noted that people were skilled tuning into 1 voice, while tuning everything else out. He got people to listen through headphones, while 2 different messages played through each ear and puts had to shadow message out.

Question 3

What did Colin Cherry find ?

Answer 3

Found that little information could be remembered from the unattended message that wasn’t shadowed.

Question 4

What did Broadbent look at ?

Answer 4

He compared information in brain to a computer. Suggested that there was a sensory filter mechanism that early on in our processing, selected only one channel of incoming sensory information and blocked others.

Question 5

What did Johnson and Heinz look at?

Answer 5

Suggested that selective attention occurred at any stage in processing information. They argue that we can select things we don’t want.

Question 6

What is dichotic listening ?

Answer 6

Task presented to 2 different stimuli into each ear through headphones.

Question 7

What is aim of experiment 1 of Moray ?

Answer 7

1) To provide rigorous empirical tests of Cherry’s findings (simple shadowing).

Question 8

What is aim of experiment 2 in Moray ?

Answer 8

To see if kind of message could break through cognitive block to the ejected ear.

Question 9

What is aim of experiment 3 Moray ?

Answer 9

To see if expectation may affect the way message to rejected ear is processed.

Question 10

Controls in Moray

Answer 10

-Brennell mark 4 tape recorder= with modified twin amplifier to give 2 outputs, one in each ear.
-Loudness was matched with +1 decibel of ppts.
-All completed 4 trial tasks.
-Loudness of each message approx 60 db above puts hearing.
-Speech rate approx 150 word per min.
-All recorded by 1 male speaker.

Question 11

Method of experiment 1 Moray

Answer 11

-Lab experiment
-Repeated measures
-IV = what played shadowed ear and in rejected ear
-DV = number of words recalled in rejected ear.

Question 12

Sample of experiment 1 Moray

Answer 12

No sample size.

Question 13

Procedure of experiment 1 Moray

Answer 13

-One ppt had informed read into shadowed and rejected ear.
-Ppts had to shadow everything said in the shadowed ear (passage).
-Asked to recall words from rejected ear.
-Gap of 30s between test of recall.
-Word list was similar to passage.

Question 14

Results of experiment 1 Moray

Answer 14

-Can recall words if you pay attention and form a cognitive block.
-Even if information is being repeated, it won’t get through the cognitive block.

Question 15

What is the method of experiment 2 Moray

Answer 15

-Lab experiment
-Repeated measures
-Iv = instructions to rejected ear were prefixed with ppts name.
-DV = number of instructions to rejected ear that were responded to.

Question 16

Sample of experiment 2 Moray

Answer 16

12 participants

Question 17

Procedure of experiment 2 Moray

Answer 17

-Ppts shadowed 10 paired passaged of light fiction.
-Each listener received 1 passage to their right ear and a different passage to their left (x10)
-Told responses to shadowed ear were being recorded and to make minimal errors and ignore rejected ear.
-In the passage read into rejected ear, it started some instructions with ppts name.

Question 18

Results of experiment 2 Moray

Answer 18

Cognitive block can be broken down if ppts hear their name/ something personal to them.

Question 19

What is the method experiment 3 Moray

Answer 19

-Lab experiment
-Independent measures
-IV1 = Digits inserted into one or both messages.
-IV2 = Asked questions on shadowed tasks or just digits heard.
-DV = Number of digits recorded correctly.

Question 20

What is the sample of experiment 3 ?

Answer 20

2 groups of 14 participants

Question 21

Procedure of experiment 3 Moray

Answer 21

-Asked to shadow 1 of 2 dichotic messages.
-Digits were sometimes inserted at end of message, in both, just one or neither.
-Group 1 = told to ask questions on shadowed
-Group 2 = Asked to remember all digits.

Question 22

Results of experiment 3 Moray

Answer 22

No difference in mean scores of digits recalled.
Number unlike persons name and is not important enough to unblock rejected message.