Kohlberg

Question 1

What did Kohlberg state that we are at birth ?

Answer 1

States that we are all amoral.

Question 2

What did Freud say morality develops at the end of ?

Answer 2

Morality develops at end of phallic stage. Child identifies with same sex parent and internalises their values.

Question 3

What did Skinners say about moral development ?

Answer 3

Skinner said that morality develops from the learning process, such as reward and punishment.

Question 4

What did Piaget say about moral development ?

Answer 4

Child goes through stages of moral development and do not have the cognitive capacity to behave in a moral way until reached a certain stage of development.

Question 5

Who was Kohlberg influenced by ?

Answer 5

He was influenced by Piaget but Kohlberg disagreed with Piaget that process was complete by early adolescence.

Question 6

What is punishment orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 6

Doing what is right due to physical consequences and is found in the pre-conventional level.

Question 7

What is self-interest and what level is it found in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 7

Doing what’s right due to getting the best outcome personally and is found in the pre-conventional level.

Question 8

What is good boy/ girl orientation and what level is it found in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 8

Doing whats right due to being seen in a positive way and is found in the conventional level.

Question 9

What is authority orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 9

Doing whats right due to rules and laws saying so and is the conventional level.

Question 10

What is social contract orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 10

Laws are important but so are values. Laws should be followed but they could be changed and is in the post-conventional level.

Question 11

What is conscience and ethical principle orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?

Answer 11

Justice, equality and human life are the most important things and decisions are made on an individual case rather than applying strict laws. It is the post-conventional level.

Question 12

Aim of Kohlberg

Answer 12

To investigate how young adults develop into manhood, they move into distinct levels and stages of moral development so that people in stage 6 go through stage 5 and to see if this is the case cross-culturally.

Question 13

Method of Kohlberg

Answer 13

-Longitudinal (12 years)
-Self report of hypothetical moral dilemma
-Cross cultural
-Quasi experiment
-IV’s are age and culture.

Question 14

Sample of Kohlberg

Answer 14

75 American boys aged 10-16, who were followed at 3 year intervals till 22-28. Moral development was studied in boys of other cultures such as Britain, Canada, Mexico and Turkey.

Question 15

Procedure of Kohlberg

Answer 15

-Ppts were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas in short stories to determine each ppts stage of reasoning for each 25 moral concepts.
-Each puts had 2hr semi-structured interview with 10 dilemmas to solve from short stories.

Question 16

What question was asked at age 10 ?

Answer 16

‘Is one important life worth more than lots of unimportant lives?”

Question 17

What question was asked at 13,16,20,24 ?

Answer 17

‘Should doctor mercy kill fatally ill woman requesting death due to pain?”

Question 18

What were the findings of Kohlberg ?

Answer 18

-Boys demonstrate stages of moral development.
-50% of stage 6 pets thinking was at a single stage, regardless of moral dilemma.
-Not all pets progressed through all stages.
-Ppts progressed through staged at time and order.
-Child development moved forward when confronted with a child at a higher stage.

Question 19

What data did Kohlberg produce ?

Answer 19

Produced qualitative data.

Question 20

What were cross cultural findings of Kohlberg ?

Answer 20

-Mexico and Taiwan showed same results that development was slower.
-Mexico and Turkey showed moral though increased steadily from 10-16.
-Lower class were intermediate in rate of development.
-No differences in moral development based on religion.

Question 21

Conclusions of Kohlberg

Answer 21

-American boys development is in stages in order.
-No cross-cultural variation.
-Moral development is universal.

Question 22

How long was Kohlbergs study ?

Answer 22

12 years