Kohlberg Flashcards
What did Kohlberg state that we are at birth ?
States that we are all amoral.
What did Freud say morality develops at the end of ?
Morality develops at end of phallic stage. Child identifies with same sex parent and internalises their values.
What did Skinners say about moral development ?
Skinner said that morality develops from the learning process, such as reward and punishment.
What did Piaget say about moral development ?
Child goes through stages of moral development and do not have the cognitive capacity to behave in a moral way until reached a certain stage of development.
Who was Kohlberg influenced by ?
He was influenced by Piaget but Kohlberg disagreed with Piaget that process was complete by early adolescence.
What is punishment orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Doing what is right due to physical consequences and is found in the pre-conventional level.
What is self-interest and what level is it found in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Doing what’s right due to getting the best outcome personally and is found in the pre-conventional level.
What is good boy/ girl orientation and what level is it found in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Doing whats right due to being seen in a positive way and is found in the conventional level.
What is authority orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Doing whats right due to rules and laws saying so and is the conventional level.
What is social contract orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Laws are important but so are values. Laws should be followed but they could be changed and is in the post-conventional level.
What is conscience and ethical principle orientation and what level is it in Kohlberg’s theory ?
Justice, equality and human life are the most important things and decisions are made on an individual case rather than applying strict laws. It is the post-conventional level.
Aim of Kohlberg
To investigate how young adults develop into manhood, they move into distinct levels and stages of moral development so that people in stage 6 go through stage 5 and to see if this is the case cross-culturally.
Method of Kohlberg
-Longitudinal (12 years)
-Self report of hypothetical moral dilemma
-Cross cultural
-Quasi experiment
-IV’s are age and culture.
Sample of Kohlberg
75 American boys aged 10-16, who were followed at 3 year intervals till 22-28. Moral development was studied in boys of other cultures such as Britain, Canada, Mexico and Turkey.
Procedure of Kohlberg
-Ppts were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas in short stories to determine each ppts stage of reasoning for each 25 moral concepts.
-Each puts had 2hr semi-structured interview with 10 dilemmas to solve from short stories.
What question was asked at age 10 ?
‘Is one important life worth more than lots of unimportant lives?”
What question was asked at 13,16,20,24 ?
‘Should doctor mercy kill fatally ill woman requesting death due to pain?”
What were the findings of Kohlberg ?
-Boys demonstrate stages of moral development.
-50% of stage 6 pets thinking was at a single stage, regardless of moral dilemma.
-Not all pets progressed through all stages.
-Ppts progressed through staged at time and order.
-Child development moved forward when confronted with a child at a higher stage.
What data did Kohlberg produce ?
Produced qualitative data.
What were cross cultural findings of Kohlberg ?
-Mexico and Taiwan showed same results that development was slower.
-Mexico and Turkey showed moral though increased steadily from 10-16.
-Lower class were intermediate in rate of development.
-No differences in moral development based on religion.
Conclusions of Kohlberg
-American boys development is in stages in order.
-No cross-cultural variation.
-Moral development is universal.
How long was Kohlbergs study ?
12 years
