Casey et al (2011)

Question 1

What is delay of gratification ?

Answer 1

Delay of pleasure. Ability to put something off that is fun/pleasurable.

Question 2

What is cognitive control ?

Answer 2

Suppressing actions.

Question 3

Original Procedure of Casey

Answer 3

IV = High delayers, low delayers.
DV = ability to resist temptation on Marshmallow test ( eat or not eat).

Question 4

What are cooling strategies ?

Answer 4

Cooling strategies reduce the appeal of the reward.
Hot cue = desire for something.
Cold cue = non emotional reward.

Question 5

What did Mischel and Meltcalfe state ?

Answer 5

That there is a cooling system in the pre frontal cortex.
The inferior frontal gyrus is more active in high delayers.

Question 6

What is more active in low delayers ?

Answer 6

Ventral striatum.

Question 7

Aim of Experiment 1 Casey

Answer 7

To see if people who were low delayers in marshmallow would have low self control in their 40s.

Question 8

What type of experiment was Casey 1

Answer 8

Quasi.

Question 9

Sample of Casey experiment 1

Answer 9

Total = 562
20s = 155
30s =135
40s = 59 (27 low delayers and 32 high delayers).

Question 10

Procedure of experiment 1 Casey

Answer 10

Self-control measure by go/no-go task.
Required to push button when they saw a certain stimuli.
Go= push button
No-go = don’t push button.

Question 11

What was the hot cue ?

Answer 11

Happy face.

Question 12

What was the cold cue ?

Answer 12

Neutral / fearful face.

Question 13

DV of experiment 1 in Casey

Answer 13

If low delayers made more errors with hot stimuli.

Question 14

Where did pppts do experiment in experiment 1 casey?

Answer 14

Each of 59 ppts did 4 of these tasks at home on laptop delivered to their home.
Each face appeared for 500 ms with 1sec intervals.
Instructions appeared on screen.

Question 15

Results of experiment 1 Casey

Answer 15

Ppts able to delay gratification as children showed greater ability to suppress impulse control as an adult.
No significant difference between high and low delayers.
No go trials low delayers made more errors on hot tasks.

Question 16

Aim of experiment 2 Casey

Answer 16

To investigate what regions of brain predicted self control.

Question 17

Materials of experiment 2 Casey

Answer 17

FMRI ( physiognomy - brain activity)
27 out of 59 agreed.
1 make was excluded due to poor task performance.
Repeated measure design.

Question 18

Procedure of experiment 2 Casey

Answer 18

Completed same tasks but in the FMRI.
1 sec delay and 2-14.5 delay between presentation of faces.

Question 19

Sample of experiment 2 Casey

Answer 19

26 participants ( 15 high delayers and 11 low delayers).

Question 20

What was the time of delay between shown faces in Casey ?

Answer 20

1 second delay and 2-14.5 second delay between faces.

Question 21

Results of experiment 2 Casey

Answer 21

-Both groups scored highly on accuracy.
-Low delayers showed more false alarms.
-Low delayers showed reduced activity in right frontal gyrus and high activity in ventral striatum.

Question 22

Conclusions for Casey

Answer 22

-Resisting temptation is a stable individual characteristic.
-To delay ability is hindered by alluring cues and is not a general problem with cognitive control.
-Empirical evidence for Mischel + Meltcalfes ‘hot and cold’ processing system the brain that affects control.

Question 23

How does Casey link to Bio area ?

Answer 23

Bio because it involves trying to see whether there is a neural basis to self-regulation. This is done through FMRI scans.