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moodle quizzes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Among the choices below, select all that are macromolecules.

a) collagen
b) DNA
c) starch
d) Phospholipids
e) Glucose

A

all of the above

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2
Q

For all molecules below, determine if they are a monomer or a polymer:
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Leucine (an amino acid)
- Fructose
- Glycogen
- Glucose
- Hemoglobin

A

RNA= polymer
Leucine = monomer
Fructose = monomer
Glycogen = polymer
Glucose = monomer
Hemoglobin = polymer

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3
Q

What does make each amino acid unique?

a) The side chain (R-group)
b) The primary structure
c) The amino group
d) The carboxyl group
e) The peptide bond

A

a) The side chain (R-group)

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4
Q

True or False?

Cholesterol is synthesized by animal cells. Although plant cells cannot synthesize cholesterol, they can make other types of sterols.

A

TRUE
Cholesterol is uniquely made by animal cells. Plants also produce sterols, but not cholesterol.

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5
Q

All triglycerides have the same backbone: a glycerol molecule on which three fatty acids are attached.
What causes that diversity among triglycerides? (2)

A

-The number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid varies; some are as short as 10 carbons while others can have up to 20 carbons (LENGHT)

  • Fatty acids vary in their degree of saturation (number of double bond present).
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6
Q

which lipids are found in adipocytes’ fat vacuoles?

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

What type of lipids are made of 4 hydrocarbon rings and a side chain?

A

steroids (or sterols, synonym)

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8
Q

what are the 3 categories of carbs and class them:

1)

2)

3)

A

1) Polysaaccharides: (many)
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen

2) Disaccharides (2)
- Lactose (glucose + galactose)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)

3) Monosaccharides:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Ribose
- Galactose

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9
Q

Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all polysaccharides with different characteristics. Select the correct statement:

a) Starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose, while glycogen is a polymer of galactose

b) Starch, cellulose and glycogen can be synthesized by both plants and animals.

c) Glycogen is the only polysaccharide out of the three that our body can make.

d) Starch and cellulose come from plants and we can extract energy from both when we eat them.

e) Glycogen and cellulose have a similar function; they both store energy.

A

c) Glycogen is the only polysaccharide out of the three that our body can make.

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10
Q

Some of them are highly specialized and always are on the hunt to destroy invaders.

A

proteins (antibodies of the immune system, recognizes pathogens + eliminates them)

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11
Q

They keep us alive by making chemical reactions happening faster.

A

proteins (enzymes are proteins with a very specific function)

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12
Q

They are :
- an important fuel source for the body
-help us keep a steady body temperature (insulation) and protect our organs from shock (protection)
- help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

A

triglycerides

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13
Q

They are the main components of plasma membrane.

A

phospholipids

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14
Q

This is THE favorite fuel for our body cells.

A

glucose

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15
Q

they are the ones working hard during muscle contraction.

A

proteins

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16
Q

Essential for the human body to synthesize some hormones and vitamins.

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

Select the incorrect statement about catalysts:
a) A catalyst decreases the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

b) Catalysts can be chemical and biological.

c) Enzymes are proteins with a specialized function.

d) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions.

e) Without enzymes, the body cells would still be able to perform biochemical reactions, but their reaction rates would be too low for them to survive.

A

e) Without enzymes, the body cells would still be able to perform biochemical reactions, but their reaction rates would be too low for them to survive.

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18
Q

Select all the correct statements about enzymatic reactions.
a) Each enzyme performs its reaction once.

b) Breaking down a substrate into products releases energy.

c) A reaction in which two substrates are assembled to make a product allows energy storage.

d) An enzyme is non specific, it can transform many substrates into products.

e) during an enzymatic reaction, the enzyme remains unchanged.

A

b) Breaking down a substrate into products releases energy.

c) A reaction in which two substrates are assembled to make a product allows energy storage.

e) during an enzymatic reaction, the enzyme remains unchanged.

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19
Q

define each:

a) Region of the enzyme that binds the substrate in place and position it adequately to be transformed

b) Region of an enzyme inside which a substrate is brought to be transformed.

c) Region of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.

A

a) Binding site
b) Active site
c) Catalytic site

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20
Q

Order the organs of the digestive tract from the first one food encounters to the last one (1-9):

A
  1. → Oral cavity,
  2. → Pharynx,
  3. → Esophagus,
  4. → Stomach,
  5. → Small intestine,
  6. → Large intestine,
  7. → Rectum,
  8. → Anal canal,
  9. → Anus
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21
Q

what are the accessory organs? (4)

A

Salivary glands

Liver

Gall bladder

Pancreas

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22
Q

name the 6 activities of digestion

A
  • propulsion
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • ingestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • defecation
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23
Q

name the activity of digestion:

  1. Smooth muscles of the small intestine contract in opposite directions to homogenize the intestinal content
  2. Molars are flatted to help grind hard food.
  3. When food has been chewed enough, you decide to move it to the pharynx and esophagus.
  4. Teeth helped Zoe take a bite of her bagel.
  5. This activity transforms food into a mixture called a bolus.
  6. An amylase found in the mouth, cuts starch into amylose
A
  1. Mechanical digestion
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Propulsion
  4. Ingestion
  5. Ingestion
  6. Chemical digestion
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24
Q

name the activity of digestion:

  1. Smooth muscles of the intestinal walls contract in one direction to push food forward in the GI tract
  2. Among macromolecules, almost only monomers can pass through the intestinal wall and reach the body’s circulatory circuit.
  3. Proteins are reduced to small polypeptides in the stomach
  4. Cellulose cannot be digested in our GI tract and ends up in the feces
  5. The stomach has a third layer of smooth muscles. This is very helpful to move food in all directions to break it apart.
A
  1. Propulsion
  2. Absorption
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Defecation
  5. Mechanical digestion
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25
Q

Match the correct enzyme with each description below.

options:
- pepsin
- gastric lipase
- lingual lipase
- salivary amylase

a) This enzyme is secreted and activated in the stomach to continue triglycerides chemical digestion.

b) This enzyme is secreted as a proenzyme and gets activated by HCl. It then starts digesting proteins.

c) Starch becomes maltose because of this enzyme active both inside the mouth and stomach

d) Triglycerides become diglycerides when this enzyme cuts one fatty acid off the glycerol molecule.

A

a) gastric lipase
b) pepsin (lab)
c) salivary amylase
d) lingual lipase

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26
Q

True or False. Food is forced downward to the lower esophageal sphincter by gravity.

A

false,
The esophagus has smooth muscles that use peristalsis to push food downward.

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27
Q

Select the action that is NOT one performed by the tongue.

a) It moves food around the mouth to break it into smaller pieces.

b) produces lingual lipase.

c) Mixes food with saliva to form the bolus.

d) Positions food to ease chewing by teeth.

e) Helps with the deglutition process.

A

a) It moves food around the mouth to break it into smaller pieces.

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28
Q

Select the statement that is incorrect about saliva.
a) Saliva is a mix of water, mucus and many other molecules among which are enzymes.

b) in a mouth without saliva, it would be impossible to taste food nor to form a compact bolus.

c) Saliva cleans the mouth from food residues but also has the ability to keep microbes at check.

d) Chemical breakdown of starch starts in the mouth, thanks to salivary amylase.

e) Saliva is very acidic. It starts proteins’ chemical digestion

A

e) Saliva is very acidic. It starts proteins’ chemical digestion

saliva is NEUTRAL

29
Q

This organ of the GI tract is home to the uvula and epiglottis (These two structures protect the airways during deglutition)

A

pharynx

30
Q

True or False.

Food is forced downward to the lower esophageal sphincter by gravity.

A

false

The esophagus has smooth muscles that use peristalsis to push food downward.

31
Q

Match the correct enzyme with each description below.

a) This enzyme is secreted and activated in the stomach to continue triglycerides chemical digestion.

b) enzyme is secreted as a proenzyme and gets activated by HCl. It then starts digesting proteins.

c) Starch becomes maltose because of this enzyme active both inside the mouth and stomach.

d) Triglycerides become diglycerides when this enzyme cuts one fatty acid off the glycerol molecule.

A

a) gastric lipase
b) pepsin
c) Salivary amylase
d) lingual lipase

32
Q

The stomach is a very acidic environment. Read the statements below and select the incorrect one

a) Destroying the stomach’s mucus layer may lead to gastritis or peptic ulcers.

b) The acidity of the stomach turns proteins back to their primary structure.

c) Acidity of the stomach is caused by the secretion of HCl.

d) Acidity of the stomach varies according to the foods that enter it.

e) Although food can be full of harmful bacteria, most are killed by their passage through the stomach.

A

d) Acidity of the stomach varies according to the foods that enter it.

33
Q

the stomach is bound by 2 sphincters, what are their names?

A

lower esophageal spincter
pyloric sphincter

34
Q

after deglutition, the stomach serves as a reservoir for ______ coming down the esophagus

A

boluses

35
Q

the small intestine is divided into 3 sections called:

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

36
Q

After 2 to 4 hours inside the stomach, boluses have become a different mixture and enter the small intestine as _______?

A

chyme

36
Q

how many layers does the stomach have, making it unique compared to organs of the digestive tract that have 2?

A

3
circular muscle
longitudinal
+ additional muscle layer

37
Q

the section of the small intestine that connects to the stomach is the____ and it must produce an _______ product to counteract the acidity of the _______

A

duodenum
alkaline
chyme

38
Q

This first section of the small intestine (duodenum) is also connected to two important accessory organs:

A

liver and pancreas

39
Q

how are the smooth muscles active along all the length of the small intestine? (2 processes)

A

First, PERISTALSIS helps moving chyme forward, while SEGMENTATION continues to homogenize it.

40
Q

Select all statements that are correct about the liver.

a) No matter what the cause of a jaundice is, the yellow tint of the skin comes from bilirubin spilling into the bloodstream.

b) Bile has a greenish color due to the cholesterol it contains.

c) The gallbladder produces bile and stores it until it is needed.

d) Aside from bile production, the liver has no other function in the body.

e) The emulsification of lipids by bile salts breaks them into smaller pieces to help lipids chemical digestion in coming sections of the small intestine.

A

a and e

41
Q

true or false?

the pancreas, like the liver, is a gland

A

true

42
Q

In digestion, the pancreas’ pancreatic juice is delivered inside the _______ . To help increase the pH of chyme inside the duodenum, pancreatic juice contains ______ , but the most important components of pancreatic juice are _______

A

duodenum
bicarbonate ions
enzymes

43
Q

select the ones for which a digestive enzyme is present in pancreatic juice

a) cholesterol
b) nucleic acids
c) carbs
d) proteins
e) lipids

A

b) nucleic acids
c) carbs
d) proteins
e) lipids

43
Q

What enzymes in pancreatic juice get activated only when they reach the duodenum?

A

Trypsin,
Chymotrypsin and Carboxypeptidase

44
Q

true or false?

As an organ, the small intestine only participates in food propulsion and absorption.

A

false

The small intestine also participates in chemical digestion. On the apical surface of the epithelial cells making up the intestinal mucosa there are enzymes that breakdown nutrients into their smallest forms for them to be absorbed.

44
Q

The small intestine has many structural modifications that increase its surface area. Order them according to size from the smallest to the largest.

A

microvilli
villi
folds

44
Q

small intestine:
Macromolecules need to be broken down into their building blocks to be small enough for absorption. In order to enter the intestinal cells, carbohydrates must be ______, proteins must be _________, and triglycerides must be either ______ or __________

After absorption, ____ and _____
enter the bloodstream while ______ and _____enter the lymphatic circulation.

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
free fatty acids or
monoglycerides

monosaccharides and amino acids
Glycerol and fatty acids

44
Q

which elements are absorbed in the small intestine? (3)

A

water
some vitamins (B, K)
electrolytes

45
Q

large intestine:
it can be affected by many disorders.First off, it is the site of feces formation and ________

Water is a key element to insure proper ______ of feces

If too much water is absorbed, it leads to hard feces and ______

On the opposite, when the large intestine cannot absorb enough water, watery feces (aka _____) are expulsed out of the body

people experience excruciating pain in their lower abdomen. A cause for this can be infection and swelling of the ____ called _________

most deadly disorder of the large intestine is …

which technique can help detect cancer early?

A

water absorption
texture
constipation
diarrhea
appendix
appendicitis
colorectal cancer
colonoscopy

46
Q

Class the statements to either glucagon or insulin:
a) Stops glucose from entering the cells. Consequently, glucose remains in blood.

b)Helps decreasing blood glucose by allowing cells to take it in.

*c)Promotes glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen).

*d) Promotes storage of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles.

e) Stimulates the liver to convert molecules like pyruvate or glycogen into glucose.

*f) Inhibits gluconeogenesis

g) Produced by pancreatic alpha cells

h) Produced by pancreatic beta cells

A

GLUCAGON
a) c) e) g)

INSULIN
b) d) f) h)

47
Q

Order the steps of cellular respiration.
(4)

A
  1. → Glycolysis,
  2. → Pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA,
  3. → Krebs cycle,
  4. → Oxidative phosphorylation
48
Q

In the list below, select all macronutrients + their energetic content

A.
Vitamins

B.
Carbohydrates

C.
Minerals

D.
Lipids

E.
Proteins

A

carbs, (4kcal/gram)
lipids, (9kcal/gram)
proteins (4kcal/gram)

49
Q

Class the statements to either fibers or added/refined sugars;

a) A well balanced meal includes them and make you feel full for a longer time after eating.

b) A diet rich in these helps having healthy bowel movement.

c) Because they are mostly monosaccharides, their digestion and absorption happen very quickly.

d) To control their impact on blood glucose, production of a lot of insulin is needed. On the long run, this might lead to health problems like insulin resistance and Type II diabetes.

e) Although they provide energy to the body, they are considered “empty calories” since they don’t bring other nutrients with them.

f) Because we cannot chemically digest them, they do not provide energy to the body.

g) When consuming a meal rich in these, glycemia tends to increase more slowly and constantly.

h) Eating a large quantity of these cause a dramatic rise in blood sugar levels.

A

FIBERS
a) b) f) g)

ADDED/REFINED SUGARS
b) c) d) e) h)

50
Q

How many ATP molecules are produces with on glucose going through aerobic respiration?

A

36

51
Q

Match each statement with the correct step of cellular respiration.

a) Once completed, it yields 2 ATP.

b) This final steps takes place in mitochondrial cell membrane.

c) This is the step that produces the most ATP molecules.

d) This series of enzymatic reactions takes place in presence of oxygen inside mitochondria.

e) This preliminary step to the Krebs cycle takes place inside the mitochondrion.

f) Takes place in the cytoplasm.

g) Not much ATP is obtained directly from this step, but high energy molecules will yield a lot more later.

h) The end products of this step are two pyruvates.

A

GLYCOLYSIS
a) f) h)

Pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA
e)

KREBS CYCLE
d) g)

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
b) c)

52
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the pancreas that regulate the glycemia?

A

insulin and glucagon

53
Q

Match each description with the right type of diabetes.
a) The pancreas, for different reasons, cannot produce insulin. Patients need daily insulin injections.

b) Only pregnant women suffer from this type of diabetes. Lucky, it disappears after childbirth.

c) This type develops during life especially in people that are obese or have poor eating habits

A

a) type I

b) type III

c) type II

54
Q

which fatty acids are essential? (2)

A

Unsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids,

Unsaturated Omega-6 fatty acids

55
Q

what are the functions of cholesterol in our body? (4)

A

It is a constituent of bile.

It is the molecule with which steroid hormones are produced.

Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol.

It is found mixed with phospholipids in the cell membrane.

56
Q

*After their complete chemical digestion, triglycerides, in the small intestine, are found as ______and _________. They are now small enough to be absorbed by the intestinal lining. Upon their entry inside the cell of the simple columnar epithelium, __________ reforms. However, before they exit the basal side of the cells to reach the ________ circulation, they assemble with phospholipids and _______ into __________. The latest are a type of _________that help lipids travel in aqueous environments.

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acids
triglycerides
lymphatic
proteins and chylomicrons
lipoproteins

57
Q

what elements in nutrition can lead to a cholesterol problem? (2)

A

Eating large amount of saturated fats.,

Eating large amount of trans fats.

58
Q

Match the correct type of lipoproteins with each description (HDLs, LDLs, VLDLs, chylomitrons, all of them):

  1. They have a good reputation, you want their blood level as high as possible.
  2. They leave the liver as empty pockets and fill with cholesterol while circulating in blood.
  3. Lipoproteins with the highest protein proportion.
  4. They transport cholesterol to cells needing it.
  5. They have a bad reputation, you want their blood level as low as possible.
  6. Cells looking for them display specific receptors on their cell membrane.
  7. The blood enzyme lipoprotein lipase, decreases their proportion of triglycerides.
  8. They leave to liver to carry triglycerides to cells of the body.
  9. They form inside columnar cells of the intestinal lining.
  10. They travel from blood vessels of the small intestine to the liver.
  11. Their role is to transport lipids in watery environments.
  12. They are made of a proportion of lipids mixed with proteins
  13. They are hydrophilic on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside.
A

1-3 HDL
4-6 LDL
7-8 VLDL
9-10 chylomitrons
11-13 all of them

59
Q

Select all statements that are correct about ketogenesis.

A.
During ketogenesis, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and yields ATP.

B.
Ketoacidosis is activated after a meal to extract energy from lipids.

C.
Ketogenesis, if running for too long, can lead to life-threatening consequences.

D.
Aside from glucose, ketones produced through ketogenesis can be used by cells as a fuel.

E.
Ketogenesis is triggered when their is an accumulation of acetyl CoA in cells.

A

c, d, e

60
Q

True or False. Catabolism of triglycerides can lead to glucose synthesis.

A

true
Acetyl CoA and glycerol, end products of lipolysis, can both serve in gluconeogenesis.

61
Q

In extreme case, the body might need to use proteins to produce ATP. How can that be done? Select all that applies.
A.
Some amino acids can be turned into glucose using gluconeogenesis.

B.
Whole proteins can be converted by the adipocytes into triglycerides to, later, yield energy when needed.

C.
Some amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle.

D.
Essential amino acids are used like glucose, they enter glycolysis and the steps of aerobic respiration.

E.
Amino acids can directly go through oxidative phosphorylation.

A

A.
Some amino acids can be turned into glucose using gluconeogenesis.

C.
Some amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle.

61
Q

True or False. The kidneys help getting rid of wastes produced after amino acids’ breakdown.

A

true

62
Q

True or False. Protein (amino acid) storage is done in the liver.

A

false, proteins never stored
Amino acids are used to build up new proteins and, if in excess, will be converted into or molecules like glucose, ketones or triglycerides.

HUMAN BIO (26 decks)

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