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psych 100 sem 2 > mood disorders > Flashcards

mood disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

t or f: 1 in 10 women suffer from depression after giving birth

A

false, 1 in 20

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2
Q

what is MDD?

A

major depressive disorder

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3
Q

define anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure or interest in previously enjoyable/rewarding activities

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4
Q

MDE requires 5 or more of 9 symptoms for most days/every day, what are they?

A
  • depressive mood
  • anhedonia
  • significant weight loss/gain (appetite increase/decrease)
  • insomnia/hypersomnia
  • psychomotor agitation (increased motor movement ie tapping, fidgeting) or retardation (unusual slow performance at activites ie brushing teeth)
  • fatigue/loss of energy
  • worthless/guilty feelings
  • inability to concentrate/indecisiveness
  • recurring thoughts of death/suicide/attempts
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5
Q

Mood disturbances must be present for one week + in mania/ 4 + days in hypermania, with 3 of 7 symptoms present, name them.

A
  • inflated self esteem/grandiosity
  • increased goal-directed activity/psychomotor agitation
  • reduced need for sleep
  • racing thoughts/flight of ideas
  • distractibility
  • increased talkativeness
  • excessive involvement in risky behaviours
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6
Q

hypomanic vs manic episodes

A

hypomanic: shorter, not always accompanied by impairment in functioning
manic: at least 1 week, significant impairment in functioning

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7
Q

what are the two major types of unipolar disorders

A

MDD and PDD (persistant depressive disorder)

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8
Q

Symptoms required for PDD

A

at least two, cannot be without symptoms for more than 2 months:
- poor appetite/overeating
- insomnia/hypersomnia
- low energy/fatigue
- low self esteem
- poor concentration/difficulty making decisions
- hoplessness

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9
Q

What are the tree major types of BDs?

A
  • Bipolar l Disorder (BD l): single or recurrent manic episode
  • Bipolar ll Disorder: single (or recurrent) hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes
  • Cyclothymic disorder: numerous/alternating periods of hypomania and depression lasting at least two years, must have symptoms at least half the time
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10
Q

t or f: 1 in 5 americans meet criteria for MDD

A

true

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11
Q

what is the 12-month prevalence

A

the proportion of people who meet criteria for a disorder during a 12-month period

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12
Q

what is SES

A

socioeconomic status, lower SES=higher rate of MDD

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13
Q

t or f: ppl with bipolar disorder usually only suffer from bipolar and no other disorders

A

false, approximately 65% of people with BD meet diagnostic criteria for at least one additional psychiatric disorder, most commonly anxiety disorders and substance use disorders

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14
Q

what ethnic group/race tends to be more diagnosed and treated than others?

A

european americans, hispanic and african american are more likely to remain ill or be under-diagnosed

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15
Q

t or f: bipolar diagnoses in adolescence makes for easier time with the illness over time

A

false, those diagnosed with BD prior to adulthood experience a more pernicious course of illness relative to those with adult onset, including more episode recurrence, higher rates of suicidality, and profound social, occupational, and economic repercussions

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16
Q

t or f: MDD is mainly a genetic disorder and gene play the main role in onset of disease

A

false, enviro and some genetic factors both are to blame

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17
Q

what was noticed in fMRI scans when MDD patients were shown a negative stimuli (ie pic of angry face)?

A

they had greater activation in brain regions involved in stress response and reduced activation in brain regions involved in positively motivated behaviours

18
Q

what is early adversity

A

chronic stressful event(s) that may be biological or psychological (ie poverty, abuse, neglect) in childhood

19
Q

attributional styles

A

tendency by which someone infers cause/meaning behind behaviours/events

20
Q

t or f: People with a pessimistic attributional style tend to make internal (versus external), global (versus specific), and stable (versus unstable) attributions to negative events, serving as a vulnerability to developing MDD

A

true

21
Q

t or f: BD is not at all heritable

A

false, it is extremely heritable as it is a genetic vulnerability

22
Q

t or f: regions of the brain thought to be involved in emotional processing and regulation are activated differently in people with BD

A

true

23
Q

t or f: standardized stimuli (eg. facial expression of anger) is more effective in inducing strong emotions in ppl with BD than personally engaging stimuli (eg memories)

A

false

24
Q

t or f: ppl with BD have less manic symptoms after life events involving attainment of desired goals

A

false, they have more lol, they have hypersensitivity to rewards

25
Q

what is the social zeitgeber theory

A

zeitgeber=time giver
enviro cues, ex meal time w other ppl, help bio rhythms/circadian rhythm
messing it up can increase BD symptoms/trigger relapse episode

26
Q

what are some treatments for MDD

A
  • antidepressant medications, target neurotransmitter implicated w depression
    -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT, induce seizure)
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  • deep brain stimulation (plant electrolode in brain)
    -psychosocial treatment (behavioural/cog/interpersonal therapy)
27
Q

what is the earliest anti depressant medication?

A
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • inhibits monoamine oxidase, enzyme deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
  • have bad side effects: high blood pressure if taken with antihistamines or food s w amino acid tyramine
28
Q

what are the different types of antidepressants

A
  • MAOIs
  • Tricyclics (blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine at synapses=increased availability, can be cardiotoxic)
  • Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI ex fluoxetine)
  • Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs ex duloxetine)
    last two have less side effects
29
Q

treatment for BD

A
  • pharmacotherapy
  • lithium first choice (reduction of excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) neurotransmission, and increasing of inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission)
  • SSRIs and SNRIs can induce mania
  • anticonvulsant medications (carbamazepine, valproate)
  • interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
30
Q

Recently, Zeb has lost his passion for sports. Invitations to play with his friends just don’t excite him. This loss of interest is an example of which symptom of a major depressive episode?

anhedonia.
flat affect.
suicidal ideation.
loss of appetite.
hypersomnia

A

anhedonia

31
Q

Psychomotor ______refers to an increase in activity that is marked by restlessness and fidgeting, pacing, or tapping of the feet.

agitation.
enhancement.
augmentation.
frenzy.
retardation

A

agitation

32
Q

How can you best distinguish between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode?

By the duration and level of impairment..
By looking at whether or not the symptoms have an identifiable trigger or came “out of the blue.”.
By the presence or absence of depressive symptoms..
By the age at which the person experiences symptoms..
By determining whether the symptoms are a side effect of a medication.

A

By the duration and level of impairment..

33
Q

Dr. Scarcliff is seeing a patient with symptoms of euphoria and grandiosity. What question should he ask to determine if the correct diagnosis is bipolar I or bipolar II disorder?

Has this patient had the symptoms for more or less than two weeks?.
Does there seem to be any recent history of a major depressive episode?.
Is this patient experiencing a manic episode or a hypomanic episode?.
Has this patient suffered from these symptoms in the past?.
Is there any indication that this patient is currently taking recreational substances?

A

Is this patient experiencing a manic episode or a hypomanic episode?.

34
Q

The way in which a person infers the cause or meaning of behaviors or events around them is called their ______style.

causational.
attributional.
personal-bias.
ruminative.
thinking.

A

attributional

35
Q

Karla takes antidepressants but has been advised that she should stay away from “anything that has tyramine” such as wine, soy sauce, and aged cheese. What kind of drugs does Karla take?

a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
neuroleptic mood stabilizer (NMS.
a tetracyclic antidepressant (TTCA).
a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).
a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

A

a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

36
Q

When someone with bipolar disorder is prescribed lithium, the expected changes include:

  • an increase of dopamine and glutamate and a decrease of GABA neurotransmitters..
  • a decrease adrenaline and an increase in noradrenaline hormones..
  • the release of both agonist and antagonist enzymes in synaptic clefts..
  • a decrease of dopamine and glutamate and increase of GABA neurotransmitters.
  • an increase in adrenaline and a decrease in the noradrenaline hormones.
A

a decrease of dopamine and glutamate and increase of GABA neurotransmitters.

37
Q

what is needed in a mania diagnosis

A
  • euphoria and 3 other symptoms
  • irritable mood and 4 other symptoms
38
Q

what hormone drops during depression and increases during mania?

A

norepinephrine (sns)

39
Q

what are monoamines examples and how are they relevant to depression

A
  • dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
  • Monoamine theory for depression: it is caused by depletion of these
40
Q

how do SSRI’s work in relation to synapses and action potential

A
  • it inhibits re-uptake of serotonin, serotonin stays in synapse
41
Q

why do you have to be careful with pharmaceutical treatments

A
  • ppl can have comorbidity (two or more diseases at once)

psych 100 sem 2 (36 decks)

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