history of mental illness Flashcards
define cultural relativist
idea that cultural norms and values can only be understood in their own terms/context
define etiology
- description of all factors that lead to development of disorder or illness
what are the three theories of etiology of mental illness? define them
- supernatural (origins beyond the visible observable universe - possession)
- somatogenic (physical/bodily origins - illness, genes, brain damage)
- psychogenic (psychological origins - trauma)
what is trephination and why was it used? when can it be dated back to?
- drilling hole in the skull in order to cure mental disorders
- dated back to as early as 6500 BC
- treat epilepsy and allows for evil spirits to leave out the head
what type of origins is meant when using the word maladaptive
psychological
What did Chinese medicine around 2700 BC discover about mental and physical illness
- positive and negative bodily forces (yin and yang) attribute mental illness to an inbalance between the forces
Who said women suffering from mental illness was caused by a wandering uterus? what was it later named?
- Mesopotamian and Egyptian papyri (papers) from 1900 BC
- later named hysteria by the greeks
define hysteria. how was it treated?
- idea that a woman’s uterus would wander around her body and affect her other organ (literally what the fuck lmao)
- treated by strong smells to lure the uterus back in place
How did Hebrews see madness? treatment?
- seen as punishment from god
- treated by confessions and repenting
What cause of mental illness did Greek physicians reject
supernatural explanations
What did Hippocrates attempt to separate in 400 BC? What belief did he systemize instead?
- Superstition and religion from medicine
- excess of one of the four main bodily fluids were the cause of mental and physical illness
what are the four main bodily fluids
- blood
- yellow bile
- black bile
- phlegm
What were the four main categories of mental illness according to Hippocrates
- epilepsy
- mania
- melancholia
- brain fever
What was Humorism and when was it popular until?
- belief that excess in a bodily fluid impacts health and temperament
- popular until the 19th century
define animistsic soul
- belief that everything/everyone had a soul
- mental illness is due to animistic causes
What did greek physician Galen believe?
- rejected having an animistic soul
- agreed with bodily fluid imbalance being to blame
- allowed for further psychogenetic explanations for mental illness: psychological stress can be a cause
who pioneered medicine as an empriical practice and came up with the oath doctors swear under before starting the profession, that they will never intentionally harm a patient?
Hippocrates
What did mental illness causes and treatment look like between the 11th and 15th century?
- supernatural theories to blame
- treatment: pray rites, relic touching, confessions, atonement
- in the 13th century: witches being possessed
when did hospitals and asylums begin?
the 16th century
when was there growth of more humanitarian views of the mentally ill?
18th/19th century
What did Italian Physician Vincenzo Chiarughi do in 1785?
removed chains from patients in hospitals and encouraged good hygiene and recreational/occupational training
What did French physician Philippe Pinel and former patient Jean Baptiste Pussin create?
A ‘traitement moral’, theraputic reimen of improved nutrition, living conditions and rewards for productive behaviour
- released patients from chains, took them to well lit/aired rooms, encouraged freedom and purposeful activities
What did William Tuke do?
Established York Retreat in 1796, patients=guests not prisoners
What did father of psychiatry Benjamin Rush encourage?
- somatogenic theory of mental illness
- blood letting, gyrators and tranquilzer chairs as treatment
Why did good treatement in mental health hospitals decrease again in 19th century?
Overcrowding
What did Dorothy Dix do?
Advocated for more hospitals, established over 30 mental institutions in USA and Canada
Who attributed hysterical symptoms to imbalances in universal magnetic fluid found in individuals as opposed to wander uterus?
Franz Anton Mesmer
later credited to mesmerism/hypnosis as a treatment
define cathartic method
- theraputic procedure introduced by Breuer, later freud
- patient gains insight and relief from recalling/reliving trauma
what are the common factors that determine the efficiency in treating mental illness amount different treatment types?
- therapist-patient alliance
- therapists allegiance to the therapy
- placebo effect
- therapist competance
when did lobotomies, electro-convulsive shock therapy, and restraints become less popular?
1970s, made way for pharmaceutical treatments, treating mental illness as a chemical imbalance in the brain
what is the biopsychosocial model
- interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence development in an individual
define syndrom
group of symptoms
when was the DSM published? what does it stand for
1952
diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders
in the DSM in 1980s, what do these axes contain?
Axes 1 and 2
Axes 3 and 4
Axes 5
Axes 1 and 2: clinical diagnosis, personality disorder
Axes 3 and 4: medical conditions/psychosocial/enviro stressors
Axes 5: global assessment of functioning
What are some alternatives to the DSM?
- International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)
Individuals have often theorized on the cause, or ______, of mental illness.
etiology.
affliction.
condition.
result.
syndrome
etiology
What is the name of the ancient Greco-Roman belief that mental illness was caused by an imbalance in the four bodily fluids?
fluidism.
animism.
humorism.
fourism.
hysteria
humorism
The Greek physician Galen was one of the first people to believe that mental illness could have a ______ cause such as stress, in addition to other bodily causes.
somatogenic.
supernatural.
psychogenic.
social.
epidemiological
psychogenic
The Greek physician Galen was one of the first people to believe that mental illness could have a ______ cause such as stress, in addition to other bodily causes.
somatogenic.
supernatural.
psychogenic.
social.
epidemiological
psychogenic
