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psych 100 sem 2 > history of mental illness > Flashcards

history of mental illness Flashcards

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1
Q

define cultural relativist

A

idea that cultural norms and values can only be understood in their own terms/context

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2
Q

define etiology

A
  • description of all factors that lead to development of disorder or illness
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3
Q

what are the three theories of etiology of mental illness? define them

A
  • supernatural (origins beyond the visible observable universe - possession)
  • somatogenic (physical/bodily origins - illness, genes, brain damage)
  • psychogenic (psychological origins - trauma)
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4
Q

what is trephination and why was it used? when can it be dated back to?

A
  • drilling hole in the skull in order to cure mental disorders
  • dated back to as early as 6500 BC
  • treat epilepsy and allows for evil spirits to leave out the head
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5
Q

what type of origins is meant when using the word maladaptive

A

psychological

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6
Q

What did Chinese medicine around 2700 BC discover about mental and physical illness

A
  • positive and negative bodily forces (yin and yang) attribute mental illness to an inbalance between the forces
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7
Q

Who said women suffering from mental illness was caused by a wandering uterus? what was it later named?

A
  • Mesopotamian and Egyptian papyri (papers) from 1900 BC
  • later named hysteria by the greeks
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8
Q

define hysteria. how was it treated?

A
  • idea that a woman’s uterus would wander around her body and affect her other organ (literally what the fuck lmao)
  • treated by strong smells to lure the uterus back in place
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9
Q

How did Hebrews see madness? treatment?

A
  • seen as punishment from god
  • treated by confessions and repenting
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10
Q

What cause of mental illness did Greek physicians reject

A

supernatural explanations

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11
Q

What did Hippocrates attempt to separate in 400 BC? What belief did he systemize instead?

A
  • Superstition and religion from medicine
  • excess of one of the four main bodily fluids were the cause of mental and physical illness
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12
Q

what are the four main bodily fluids

A
  • blood
  • yellow bile
  • black bile
  • phlegm
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13
Q

What were the four main categories of mental illness according to Hippocrates

A
  • epilepsy
  • mania
  • melancholia
  • brain fever
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14
Q

What was Humorism and when was it popular until?

A
  • belief that excess in a bodily fluid impacts health and temperament
  • popular until the 19th century
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15
Q

define animistsic soul

A
  • belief that everything/everyone had a soul
  • mental illness is due to animistic causes
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16
Q

What did greek physician Galen believe?

A
  • rejected having an animistic soul
  • agreed with bodily fluid imbalance being to blame
  • allowed for further psychogenetic explanations for mental illness: psychological stress can be a cause
17
Q

who pioneered medicine as an empriical practice and came up with the oath doctors swear under before starting the profession, that they will never intentionally harm a patient?

A

Hippocrates

18
Q

What did mental illness causes and treatment look like between the 11th and 15th century?

A
  • supernatural theories to blame
  • treatment: pray rites, relic touching, confessions, atonement
  • in the 13th century: witches being possessed
19
Q

when did hospitals and asylums begin?

A

the 16th century

20
Q

when was there growth of more humanitarian views of the mentally ill?

A

18th/19th century

21
Q

What did Italian Physician Vincenzo Chiarughi do in 1785?

A

removed chains from patients in hospitals and encouraged good hygiene and recreational/occupational training

22
Q

What did French physician Philippe Pinel and former patient Jean Baptiste Pussin create?

A

A ‘traitement moral’, theraputic reimen of improved nutrition, living conditions and rewards for productive behaviour
- released patients from chains, took them to well lit/aired rooms, encouraged freedom and purposeful activities

23
Q

What did William Tuke do?

A

Established York Retreat in 1796, patients=guests not prisoners

24
Q

What did father of psychiatry Benjamin Rush encourage?

A
  • somatogenic theory of mental illness
  • blood letting, gyrators and tranquilzer chairs as treatment
25
Q

Why did good treatement in mental health hospitals decrease again in 19th century?

A

Overcrowding

26
Q

What did Dorothy Dix do?

A

Advocated for more hospitals, established over 30 mental institutions in USA and Canada

27
Q

Who attributed hysterical symptoms to imbalances in universal magnetic fluid found in individuals as opposed to wander uterus?

A

Franz Anton Mesmer
later credited to mesmerism/hypnosis as a treatment

28
Q

define cathartic method

A
  • theraputic procedure introduced by Breuer, later freud
  • patient gains insight and relief from recalling/reliving trauma
29
Q

what are the common factors that determine the efficiency in treating mental illness amount different treatment types?

A
  • therapist-patient alliance
  • therapists allegiance to the therapy
  • placebo effect
  • therapist competance
30
Q

when did lobotomies, electro-convulsive shock therapy, and restraints become less popular?

A

1970s, made way for pharmaceutical treatments, treating mental illness as a chemical imbalance in the brain

31
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model

A
  • interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence development in an individual
32
Q

define syndrom

A

group of symptoms

33
Q

when was the DSM published? what does it stand for

A

1952
diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders

34
Q

in the DSM in 1980s, what do these axes contain?
Axes 1 and 2
Axes 3 and 4
Axes 5

A

Axes 1 and 2: clinical diagnosis, personality disorder
Axes 3 and 4: medical conditions/psychosocial/enviro stressors
Axes 5: global assessment of functioning

35
Q

What are some alternatives to the DSM?

A
  • International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)
36
Q

Individuals have often theorized on the cause, or ______, of mental illness.

etiology.
affliction.
condition.
result.
syndrome

A

etiology

37
Q

What is the name of the ancient Greco-Roman belief that mental illness was caused by an imbalance in the four bodily fluids?

fluidism.
animism.
humorism.
fourism.
hysteria

A

humorism

38
Q

The Greek physician Galen was one of the first people to believe that mental illness could have a ______ cause such as stress, in addition to other bodily causes.

somatogenic.
supernatural.
psychogenic.
social.
epidemiological

A

psychogenic

38
Q

The Greek physician Galen was one of the first people to believe that mental illness could have a ______ cause such as stress, in addition to other bodily causes.

somatogenic.
supernatural.
psychogenic.
social.
epidemiological

A

psychogenic

psych 100 sem 2 (36 decks)

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