molecules Flashcards
what are proteins?
made up of repeated units of amino acids which link with each other via peptide bonds, used for the growth and repair of muscles
give 6 examples of proteins
hormones, toxic, enzymes (catalysts), structural, storage, building blocks of cells
what are proteins instructed by?
DNA
what do enzymes do within a cell?
catalyse reactions
what are 4 characteristics of proteins?
made of amino acids to create long peptide chains.
contain oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen.
make up 18% of the body and 66% of cells.
they have different shapes which make up different functions.
how many amino acids are in proteins?
20
do amino acids have the same structure?
yes and they are all soluble (can be dissolved in water)
what happens if the ‘R’ molecule changes?
a different amino acid is created
how many groups does an amino acid have and what’re they called?
3 groups: amino group, side chain, carboxylic acid group
what is a condensation reaction?
a reaction in which two molecules (amino acid and carboxyl group) combine to form a single molecule and a water molecule is lost.
what is primary structure?
a sequence of amino acids
what is secondary structure?
local folding of the polypeptide chain into helixes or sheets
what is tertiary structure?
three-dimensional chain of interactions
what is quaternary structure?
proteins consisting of more than one amino acid chain
what is a lipid?
a fat
what are triglycerides?
true fats or neutral fats.
eg, waxes, steroids, cholesterol
where are lipids stored?
adipose tissue which acts as heat insulation and protection
how do glycerol and fatty acids join?
condensation
what is an ester bond?
formed by a condensation reaction via fatty acid and glycerol
what are 3 types of fatty acids?
saturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
what is a phospholipid?
a lipid that forms a bilayer.
They are the main component of cell membranes and responsible for what goes in and out of the cell
what are carbohydrates?
a group of substances used both energy sources and structural materials in organisms
what are carbohydrates made from?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
what are the 3 main carbohydrate groups?
monosaccharides - simple sugars
disaccharides - double sugars
polysaccharides - large molecules
what is glucose and what 2 forms can it be?
an abundant and very important, contains 6 carbon atoms (hexose sugar).
Alpha = energy
Beta = structure
what is a bond between 2 or more sugars called?
glycosidic bond
what is a bond between 2 or more amino acids called?
peptide bond
what is a bond between 2 proteins called?
peptide bond
what is the bond between 2 or more lipids called?
triglycerides
what is a molecule?
any numerous of substances that are produced by cells and living organisms
what is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst which lowers the activation energy for a reaction
what is an active site?
specific tertiary structure complementary to the substrate
what is a substrate?
complementary shaped molecule that binds the active site for a reaction to occur
what is activation energy?
minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
what do enzymes do?
lower activation energy
what are 3 digestive enzymes?
trypsin
amylase
lipase
