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Science Tlevel > molecules > Flashcards

molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are proteins?

A

made up of repeated units of amino acids which link with each other via peptide bonds, used for the growth and repair of muscles

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2
Q

give 6 examples of proteins

A

hormones, toxic, enzymes (catalysts), structural, storage, building blocks of cells

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3
Q

what are proteins instructed by?

A

DNA

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4
Q

what do enzymes do within a cell?

A

catalyse reactions

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5
Q

what are 4 characteristics of proteins?

A

made of amino acids to create long peptide chains.
contain oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen.
make up 18% of the body and 66% of cells.
they have different shapes which make up different functions.

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6
Q

how many amino acids are in proteins?

A

20

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7
Q

do amino acids have the same structure?

A

yes and they are all soluble (can be dissolved in water)

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8
Q

what happens if the ‘R’ molecule changes?

A

a different amino acid is created

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9
Q

how many groups does an amino acid have and what’re they called?

A

3 groups: amino group, side chain, carboxylic acid group

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10
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction in which two molecules (amino acid and carboxyl group) combine to form a single molecule and a water molecule is lost.

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11
Q

what is primary structure?

A

a sequence of amino acids

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12
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

local folding of the polypeptide chain into helixes or sheets

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13
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

three-dimensional chain of interactions

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14
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

proteins consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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15
Q

what is a lipid?

A

a fat

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16
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

true fats or neutral fats.
eg, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

17
Q

where are lipids stored?

A

adipose tissue which acts as heat insulation and protection

18
Q

how do glycerol and fatty acids join?

A

condensation

19
Q

what is an ester bond?

A

formed by a condensation reaction via fatty acid and glycerol

20
Q

what are 3 types of fatty acids?

A

saturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

21
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

a lipid that forms a bilayer.
They are the main component of cell membranes and responsible for what goes in and out of the cell

22
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

a group of substances used both energy sources and structural materials in organisms

23
Q

what are carbohydrates made from?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

24
Q

what are the 3 main carbohydrate groups?

A

monosaccharides - simple sugars
disaccharides - double sugars
polysaccharides - large molecules

25
Q

what is glucose and what 2 forms can it be?

A

an abundant and very important, contains 6 carbon atoms (hexose sugar).
Alpha = energy
Beta = structure

26
Q

what is a bond between 2 or more sugars called?

A

glycosidic bond

27
Q

what is a bond between 2 or more amino acids called?

A

peptide bond

28
Q

what is a bond between 2 proteins called?

A

peptide bond

29
Q

what is the bond between 2 or more lipids called?

A

triglycerides

30
Q

what is a molecule?

A

any numerous of substances that are produced by cells and living organisms

31
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a biological catalyst which lowers the activation energy for a reaction

32
Q

what is an active site?

A

specific tertiary structure complementary to the substrate

33
Q

what is a substrate?

A

complementary shaped molecule that binds the active site for a reaction to occur

34
Q

what is activation energy?

A

minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur

35
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

lower activation energy

36
Q

what are 3 digestive enzymes?

A

trypsin
amylase
lipase

Science Tlevel (18 decks)

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