cardiovasular system Flashcards
what side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?
left
what side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?
right
what do the atria do?
receive blood from the body/lungs
what do the ventricles do?
discharge blood to the body/lungs
what does the septum do?
separates the left side and right side of the heart
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the epicardium?
protective layer (outer layer)
what is the myocardium?
muscular tissue (middle layer)
what is the endocardium?
lines inside of heart (inner layer)
what are the 4 valves?
aortic
mitral
pulmonary
tricuspid
where is the aortic valve?
between the left ventricle and aorta
where is the mitral valve?
between the left atrium and left ventricle
where is the pulmonary valve?
between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
where is the tricuspid valve?
between the right atrium and right ventricle
what are 4 components to erythrocytes?
no nucleus
don’t replicate
contain haemoglobin
flat in shape for large surface area
what are 4 components of leukocytes?
fight infection
engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
release destructive enzymes
produce antibodies
what is systemic circulation?
carries oxygenated blood to the body and returns with materials that need to be excreted
what is pulmonary circulation?
takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs to be oxygenated
what are the 3 layers of an artery?
outer layer = thick fibrous layer of connecting tissues
middle layer =smooth muscle that contains elastin
inner layer = lined with endothelium
where are antibodies and antigens stored?
antibodies = in blood
antigens = on the blood cell
what is heart rate?
healthy adult averages 60-80bpm
what is cardiac output?
quantity of blood expelled from the heart in one beat (millilitres)
what is blood pressure?
the force exerted on the vessel walls by the blood
what is systolic blood pressure?
left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta
what is diastolic blood pressure?
pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes or rests
what is the standard BP?
120/80mmhg
what is heart rate controlled by?
nerve impulses which cause a wave of contraction
what does the sympathetic nervous system do?
speeds up the heart rate
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
slows down the heart rate
what is the sinoatrial?
in the right atrium and is the body’s natural pace maker where the impulse starts
what is the atrioventricular?
located in the AV septum between the atrium and ventricle
what is the bundle of his?
signal goes down the septum
what are the purkinje fibres?
runs up the ventricles which causes them to contract upwards
what is the p-wave caused by in the PQRST?
caused by the SA node, contraction of the atriums
what is the QRS complex in the PQRST?
bundle of his and purkinje fibres, contraction of the ventricles
what is the t-wave in the PQRST?
ventricles relaxing, as they are so big they still cause a signal
