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Science Tlevel > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 6 types of microbes?

A

bacteria
fungi
virus
protozoa
helminths
prions

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2
Q

what are the 4 stages a pathogen has to cause disease?

A

exposure
adhesion
invasion
infection

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3
Q

give 4 examples of direct transmission

A

direct contact, tissues, aerosol, indigestion

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4
Q

give 2 examples of indirect transmission

A

vector, enviroment

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5
Q

what is a prion?

A

a misfolded protein

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6
Q

what does a prion do?

A

gets inside cells and makes a copy of itself, then can duplicate so much it burts infected cells, causing it to spread

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7
Q

what are some barriers to infection?

A

skin, tears, discharge, wax, hair, acid

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8
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a substance recognised by the immune systems self or non-self and initiates a response

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9
Q

what is an antibody?

A

a blood protein produced in response to, and counteracting, a specific antigen

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10
Q

what are the 3 cells involved in phagocytosis?

A

dendritic cell
neutrophil cell
macrophage cell

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11
Q

what is the process of phagocytosis?

A

1) phagocyte collides with pathogen and recognises a foreign antigen.
2) cytoplasm engulfs pathogen.
3) pathogen is now in the phagocytic vacuole and lysosomes are introduced.
4) lysosomes digest virus with enzymes which break down the pathogen.
5) phagocytes present pathogen on surface to warn other immune cells.

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12
Q

what is inflammation?

A

localised response to injury or infection characterised by swelling or redness.
damaged cells release histamine which signals the release of cytokines

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13
Q

what do histamines do?

A

increase blood flow
make capillaries leakier
allow phagocytes to leave blood and enter tissues

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14
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells.
Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses

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15
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

the first line of defense against invading pathogens
eg, phagocytes

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16
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like

17
Q

what are 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells = mature in the thymus gland
B-cells = mature in the bone marrow

18
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

T-cells response to a foreign antigen.
Receptors then bind to the antigens.
Mitosis happens and can be changed into 3 specilased cells (memory, cytotoxic, helper)

19
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity?

A

helper t-cells stimulate b-cells to stimulate this reponse which involves antibodies.
antibodies bind to the antigens

20
Q

what are 3 ways cell mediated immunity protects the body?

A

1) activates killer t-cells which kill infected cells
2) activates phagocytosis
3) helps b-cells in the humoral response

21
Q

give 2 ways antibodies work

A

1) they can induce phagocytosis
2) cause agglutination of the pathogen

22
Q

what are memory cells?

A

can be t or b cells stores in the lymph nodes.
specific to particular antigen
reactivated when body is attacked

23
Q

how do antibodies inactivate pathogens?

A

1) neutralisation
2) phagocytosis
3) aggulation

24
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

weakened form of a pathogen

25
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

short term resulting from introduction of antibodies from another person eg, breastmilk

26
Q

what is active immunity?

A

longer term resulting from person making own antibodies in response to specific antigen

27
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

an organism causing disease to its host

28
Q

what is immune response?

A

how an organism responds after being infected with a pathogen

29
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody?

A

a specific, single type of antibody which are identical as produced by one type of immune cell

30
Q

what is cell signalling?

A

process that cells communicate with each other.
release chemicals such as histamine and cytokines

31
Q

what are phagocytes?

A

a cell that can engulf and absorb bacteria

32
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

the process of a phagocyte engulfing a pathogen or other foreign material

33
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

small white blood cells (b and t cells)

34
Q

what does the activation of T cells lead to?

A

can activate from memory and release cytokines

35
Q

what does the activation of B-cells lead to?

A

antibody-mediated response
activated b-cells produce antibodies
antibodies bind to and neutralise the antigens on pathogen
activated b-cells from memory

Science Tlevel (18 decks)

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