MOLECULAR TAXONOMY Flashcards
classification of organisms on the basis of the distribution and composition of chemical substance in them
molecular taxonomy
the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities by using a combination of molecular data and statistical techniques
molecular phylogenetics
can be characterized as type I and type II markers
molecular markers
associated with genes of known function
type I
associated with genes of unknown function
type II
are type I markers as the proteins they encode are associated with some functions
Allozyme
is non-nuclear DNA in the cell having located within organelles in the cytoplasm called mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA markers
is a simple DNA sequence which is repeated several times across various points in the DNA of an organism
microsatellites
arise due to single nucleotide substitutions or nucleotides insertions/deletion
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
consists of small glass microscope slides, silicon chip or nylon membranes with many immobilized DNA fragments arranged in a standard pattern
DNA microarrays
are used when we target a segment of DNA of unknown function
Arbitrary nuclear DNA markers
two main classes of repetitive and highly polymorphic DNA
minisatellite DNA
microsatellite DNA
single pass sequences which were generated from random sequencing of cDNA clones
Expressed sequence tags
PCR amplification and sequencing of a genetic marker
DNA barcoding
targeted assay giving a presence or absence result for a particular genus or species
specific PCR
employs generic PCR primers but yields amplicons that differ in length
size differential PCR
involves discrimination of species based on restriction profile of amplicons
PCR-RFLP
combines multiple primer sets with different specificities in a single assay
multiplex PCR
uses random primers to generate multiple PCR products resulting in a fingerprint for a particular species
RAPD
involves ligation of adaptors to digested DNA followed by PCR amplification using primers that are partially adaptor and gene specific
AFLP
involves PCR amplification of multiple reiterated repeat-containing loci that are hypervariable due to slipped-strand mispairing mutations
microsatellite analysis
short regions of DNA are PCR amplified and products are detected either with SYBR green
Quantitative PCR
employs 3 sets of specific primers used for amplification under isothermal conditions
LAMP
