Molecular Building Blocks

Question 1

What are living organisms?

Answer 1

One or more cells that are:
Capable of reproduction
Responding to the environment
Adapting and changing
Requires a source of energy
Growth and development

Question 2

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 2

Simple molecules built up into large complex molecules

Question 3

What are functions of macromolecules?

Answer 3

Control osmotic pressure
Used structurally etc collagen
Optical, designed for collecting or focusing light
Enzymatic, catalyze reactions
Etc…

Question 4

Give examples of macromolecules

Answer 4

Haemoglobin
DNA
Glycogen
Rhodopsin
Collagen

Question 5

What degrees is water liquid over?

Answer 5

0 to 100°C

Question 6

At what degree does water achieve maximum density?

Answer 6

4°C

Question 7

What type of bonding does water have?

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonding

Question 8

What is polarity?

Answer 8

Distributional imbalance of charge

Question 9

Why is water good at dissolving ionic and polar compounds?

Answer 9

As it’s polar it can stabilize other ions

Question 10

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 10

Sharing of a proton
Weak
NOT A COVALENT BOND

Question 11

What doesn’t water interact with?

Answer 11

Non-polar substances
Lipids
Aromatic groups (Benzene rings)

These are hydrophobic compounds

Question 12

What is the structure of a monosaccharide?

Answer 12

Carbons
Hydroxyl groups (OH)
Carbonyl group (CO)

Question 13

What is an aldose?

Answer 13

Has an aldehyde (at the end of carbon chain)

Question 14

What is a ketose?

Answer 14

Has a ketone (within the carbon chain)

Question 15

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 15

Glucose (6C)
Ribose (5C)
Erythrose (4C)
Glyceraldehyde (3C)

Question 16

What are aminosugars?

Answer 16

Sugars containing an amino group (NH2)

Question 17

What a alcohol sugars?

Answer 17

Sugars with an alcohol group (OH)

Question 18

What does phosphorylated mean?

Answer 18

Containing phosphate group

Question 19

What does sulphate mean?

Answer 19

Containing a sulphate group

Question 20

How are polysaccharides formed?

Answer 20

Hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide can react with an OH or NH group to form a glycosidic bond

Question 21

Give examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 21

Starch
Glycogen

Question 22

What are proteoglycans?

Answer 22

A protein chain, with many sugar groups attached to it, substituted onto the amino groups of the protein

Question 23

What is a benefit of adding sulphate groups to a protein?

Answer 23

Can absorb a tremendous volume of water

Question 24

What are lipids?

Answer 24

Hydrophobic
Aliphatic

Question 25

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 25

Eico means 20, so 20 carbon atoms
Fatty acid
Unsaturated with a ring structure
Perform major biological functions

Question 26

What is the function of eicosanoids?

Answer 26

Inflammatory signals
Pharmaceutical targets

Question 27

What are the purpose of phosphoacylglycerols?

Answer 27

Form the lipid bilayer

Question 28

What do the properties of lipids define?

Answer 28

The fluidity of the membrane

Question 29

What are steroids?

Answer 29

Multi cyclic carbon rings
Non-polar
Fat soluble
Hydrophobic

Question 30

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 30

Monomer of nucleic acids
Nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate

Question 31

What is a nitrogenous base?

Answer 31

A molecule containing nitrogen which can accept a proton

Question 32

What is an amino acid?

Answer 32

Carbon with a Carboxyl group (COO), Amino group (NH3) and R group
Building block of proteins
R group gives the amino acid its function and properties

Question 33

How are amino acids held together?

Answer 33

Peptide bonds
Condensation reaction

Question 34

What are functions of proteins?

Answer 34

Immunoglobulins ( property is to bind)
Fibrous proteins (form complex chains like collagen)
Enzymes
Channel and carrier proteins
Receptors
Neurotransmitters