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IMMS > Histology 3 (Connective Tissues) > Flashcards

Histology 3 (Connective Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are connective tissues derived from?

A

Cells in the mesoderm layer of the developing embryo

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2
Q

What is the cellular component of connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes

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3
Q

What are the extracellular components of connective tissues?

A

Visible fibres and invisible ground substances

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4
Q

Give examples of visible fibres

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticulin

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5
Q

Give examples of ground substance (Hydrophilic Jelly)

A

Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
Laminin
Fibronectin (Invisible Fibres)

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6
Q

Where are connective tissue cells mainly derived from?

A

Relatively undifferentiated pluripotential mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

What cells can mesenchymal cells give rise to?

A

Mast cells
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Adipocytes

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8
Q

What are mast cells?

A

A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines.

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9
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type represented in connective tissue. These cells produce a diverse group of products including collagen type I, III, and IV, proteoglycans, fibronectin, laminins, glycosaminoglycans, metalloproteinases, and even prostaglandins

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10
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Cells that play an important role in the formation of cartilage (AKA chondrogenesis).
They are located in the perichondrium, which is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds developing bone and also helps protect cartilage.

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11
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are cuboidal cells that are located along the bone surface comprising 4–6% of the total resident bone cells and are largely known for their bone forming function

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12
Q

What are white adipocytes?

A

Rounded cells that store excess energy in the form of fatty molecules, mainly triglycerides

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13
Q

What are brown adipocytes?

A

Special type of body fat that is turned on (activated) when you get cold.
Brown fat produces heat to help maintain your body temperature in cold conditions
Thermogenesis

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14
Q

Which adipocytes contain more mitochondria?

A

Brown

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15
Q

Give examples of connective tissues that arise from the haematopoetic stem cell line?

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
Blood cells

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16
Q

What is the haematopoetic stem cell line?

A

Give rise to all blood cell types including myeloid and lymphoid lineages

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17
Q

Why does ground substance appear as white spaces on histological slides?

A

Doesn’t stain with haematoxylin and eosin

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18
Q

Give 3 ways connective tissues can be divided into?

A

Fibrous
Hard
Fatty

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19
Q

What is fibrous tissue divided into?

A

Loose
Dense
Depending on arrangement of collagen fibres within them

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20
Q

What are examples of hard connective tissue?

A

Cartilage
Bone

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21
Q

What are the two types of fatty connective tissue?

A

White
Brown

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22
Q

What is the principle extracellular fibre?

A

Collagen

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23
Q

What is collagen secreted by?

A

Fibroblasts

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24
Q

What is tropocollagen?

A

A triple helix of peptides

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25
Q

How are the fibres of collagen assembled?

A

Extracellularly

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26
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

More than 20

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27
Q

Where is Type 1 collagen prevalent in?

A

Skin and bones

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28
Q

Where is Type 2 collagen prevalent?

A

Cartilage

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29
Q

Where is Type 3 collagen prevalent?

A

Liver, bone marrow and spleen

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30
Q

What is Type 3 collagen also known as?

A

Reticulin

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31
Q

What does Type 3 collagen do?

A

Provides a scaffold for the liver, bone marrow and spleen

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32
Q

Where is Type 4 collagen found?

A

Basement membrane of epithelia

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33
Q

Where is Type 5 collagen prevalent?

A

Placenta

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34
Q

What do collagen fibres look like histologically?

A

Extracellular
Stained pink with H&E

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35
Q

What are features of collagen?

A

Variable thickness
Run in bundles (Sometimes with the same orientation and sometimes with a hazard arrangement)

36
Q

Difference between collagen and muscle fibres?

A

Muscle fibres are intracellular so nucleus lies within them
Collagen fibres are extracellular

37
Q

What is loose connective tissue comprised of?

A

Thin collagen fibres and fibroblasts that secrete them

38
Q

What are fibroblasts sometimes referred as?

A

Fibrocytes

39
Q

What is found between collagen fibres and fibroblasts in loose connective tissue?

A

Unstained ground substance

40
Q

What can dense connective tissue be described as?

A

Irregular
Regular
Depending on arrangement of collagen fibres and fibroblasts

41
Q

Where can regular Dense connective tissues be found?

42
Q

Where can irregular Dense connective tissues be found?

A

Fascia of penis

43
Q

What is reticulin?

A

Type 3 collagen that forms branched fibres
Provides supporting scaffold in to epithelial cells in many organs and other forms of tissue such as blood cells.

44
Q

What stain is used for reticulin/type 3 collagen?

A

Silver stain

45
Q

What can elastin tissues be found as?

A

Fine fibres - branched or unbranched
Sheets of elastin

46
Q

What is elastin produced by?

A

Fibroblasts

47
Q

What stain is used for elastin?

A

H&E
Stains pink

48
Q

What form is fatty connective tissue normally found as?

A

White adipose tissue

49
Q

What are single white Adipocytes?

A

Large cell containing a single fat globule which pushes cytoplasm and nucleus to the edge of the cell

50
Q

Why do Adipocytes appear as white mesh work of tissue?

A

Fat is washed out of the cell during conventional processing

51
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue prevalent?

A

Neonate
Found across shoulders and back of newborn

52
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Hard connective tissue
Immature chondroblast
Mature chondrocytes

53
Q

Where are immature chondroblasts and and mature chondrocytes found?

A

Set in abundant extracellular matrix rich in glycosaminoglycans

54
Q

What is found in the extracellular matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans: Hyaluronic acid

Proteoglycans: Condroitin sulphate, Keratan glycan

55
Q

What extracellular fibres are found in collagen?

A

Collagen
Elastin

56
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Synovial joints

57
Q

What secretes the matrix in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondocytes

58
Q

What is found on the outer surface of the cartilage?

A

Layer of fibrous connective tissue called perichondrium

59
Q

What is comprised of the perichondrium?

A

Fibroblasts
Extracellular collagen fibres

60
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of the ear
Epiglottis

61
Q

What is elastic cartilage bound by?

A

Perichondriun of fibroblasts and collagen

62
Q

With what stain are elastic fibres visible?

A

H&E
More visible with silver stain

63
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Annulus fibrosus on intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

64
Q

What is the characteristic of the matrix in fibrocartilage?

A

Rich in visible collagen fibres

65
Q

Does fibrocartilage have perichondrium?

A

Yes - fibroblasts and collagen

66
Q

What other connective tissue are synovial joints bound by?

67
Q

Where is synovium found?

A

Lines the joint capsules
1 to 4 layers thick
Layers comprise of specialised synovial cells

68
Q

What are the two types of synovial cells?

A

Type A and Type B

69
Q

What are Type A synovial cells?

A

Phagocytes

70
Q

What are Type B synovial cells?

A

Rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and secrete synovial fluid

71
Q

Is the synovium vascular or avascular?

A

Richly vascular, highly innervated

72
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of muscle?

A

Visceral (smooth) muscle
Voluntary (skeletal) muscle
Cardiac muscle

73
Q

Where is visceral (smooth) muscle found?

A

Walls of blood vessels
Walls of gastrointestinal tract
Airways of lungs
Present in organs of reproductive an urinary tract

74
Q

Where can Visceral (skeletal) muscle be found?

A

Skeletal muscles
Larynx
Diaphragm

75
Q

Where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

Heart
Base of great vessels

76
Q

Give examples of other contractile cells?

A

Pericytes
Myo-fibroblasts
Myo-epithelial cells

77
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

78
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Individual cells with an central oval or flattened nucleus

79
Q

Where is the nucleus in smooth muscle cells set?

A

In a eosinophilic cytoplasm, lacks striations

80
Q

How can smooth muscle be recognised?

A

Non-branching cellular structure

81
Q

Can collagen fibres be stretched?

A

No, neither elastic nor contractile
Forms the basis of ligaments and tendons so needs to provide a stable but flexible attachment to bones

82
Q

What structural feature sets Reticulin apart from other types of collagen?

A

Reticulin forms branched fibres whereas most forms of collagen produce only linear fibres

83
Q

Do chondrocytes appear singly or in clumps in the matrix?

A

Normally in clumps

84
Q

Can elastic cartilage be fractures?

A

Yes, but hardest cartilage to fracture

85
Q

What type of lipid is normally contained in fat droplets?

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

What type if collagen is found in fibrous cartilage?

IMMS (32 decks)

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