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IMMS > Histology 6 (Blood) > Flashcards

Histology 6 (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissue

Comprises cellular component making up 44% of the blood, and a fluid component (Plasma) making up remaining 56%.

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood minus the cells

Comprises:
water
salts & minerals
plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
hormones, signal molecules
other clotting factors etc.

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus clotting factors

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4
Q

What are the most common cells within the blood?

A

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

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5
Q

How many erythrocytes in the blood?

A

4 to 6 million per ml blood

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6
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

Lifespan of 4 months/120 days

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7
Q

What shape do erythrocytes have?

A

Enucleate bioconcave discs

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8
Q

What is the size of erythrocytes?

A

Approximately 6.5 to 8.5 microns in diameter

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9
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced?

A

Liver in the fetus
Haematopoietic bone marrow in adults

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10
Q

Where are erythrocytes destroyed?

A

Liver and spleen

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11
Q

What is the major protein in erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin

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12
Q

How is the cell shape of erythrocytes maintained?

A

Endoskeleton attached via a major protein called spectrin

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13
Q

What are the 3 categories of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (contain visible granules)

Agranulocytes (no visible granules)

Platelets (cell fragments)

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14
Q

What are the most common white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils
40-75% of WBC

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15
Q

What percentage of WBC are eosinophils?

A

5%

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16
Q

What percentage of WBC are basophils?

A

0.5%

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17
Q

What percentage of WBC are lymphocytes?

A

20-50%

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18
Q

What percentage of WBC are monocytes?

A

1-5%

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19
Q

What makes neutrophils easy to identify?

A

Multi lobed nucleus
Faintly granular cytoplasm

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20
Q

How big are neutrophils?

A

12 to 14 microns in diameters

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21
Q

Are neutrophils phagocytes?

A

Yes, they engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign macromolecules using the respiratory burst

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22
Q

What does the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain?

A

Enzyme myeloperoxidase needed in order to conduct the respiratory burst

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23
Q

Are neutrophils mobile?

A

Yes they circulate in blood and invade through walls of blood vessels through the glycosaminoglycan matrix of the tissues

24
Q

What are the 3 types of granules?

A

Primary - lysosomes containing enzyme myeloperoxidase and acid hydrolases

Secondary - contain specific substances that are secreted to mobilise inflammatory mediators

Tertiary - contain gelatinases which break down proteins and adhesion molecules that aid neutrophils out of blood vessels and through tissue

25
Q

In which patients do eosinophils numbers increase?

A

Patients with parasitic infections or a number of other allergic conditions

26
Q

What is the size of eosinophils?

A

12-17 microns in diameter

27
Q

What characteristics doe eosinophils have?

A

Bi lobed nucleus
Cytoplasm stuffed with distinctive large red granules containing crystalline inclusions

28
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Play a role in phagocytosis in our response to parasites and other allergens
Antagonistic actions to basophils and mast cells

29
Q

What do eosinophils bear receptors for?

A

Immunoglobulin E

30
Q

What do eosinophils neutralise?

A

Histamine

31
Q

What size are basophils?

A

14-16 μm in diameter

32
Q

What characteristics do basophils have?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus and prominent dark blue-staining cytoplasmic granules

33
Q

What do basophils granules contain?

A

Histamine

34
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Involved in inflammatory reactions and act to prevent coagulation and agglutination

35
Q

What do basophils have receptors for?

A

Immunoglobulin E

36
Q

What are the two sub types of lymphocytes?

A

B Cells - become plasma cells and secrete antibodies

T Cells - are involved in cell-mediated immunity

37
Q

Why do lymphocytes have a clear blue/grey cytoplasm?

A

Very few cytoplasmic inclusions

38
Q

What size are are lymphocytes?

A

Approx 10 microns in diameter

39
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B Cells – produce antibodies

T Helper (TH) Cells – help B cells and activate macrophages

T Cytotoxic (TC) Cells – kill previously marked target cells

T Suppressor (TS) Cells – suppress TH cells and hence suppress the immune response

Natural Killer (NK) Cells – mainly kill virus infected cells

40
Q

What size are monocytes?

A

15-20 μm in diameter

41
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Immature cells, circulate briefly in blood

42
Q

What characteristic nucleus do they have?

A

Characteristic reniform nucleus

Kidney bean shaped nucleus

43
Q

What can monocytes do?

A

Differentiate into one of several cell types within tissue

44
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Major phagocytic and defensive role

Some become antigen presenting cells, passing antigen fragments to lymphocytes

45
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into?

A

Tissue macrophages - everywhere
Kupffer cells – liver
Osteoclasts – bone
Antigen presenting cells - everywhere
Alveolar macrophages – lung

46
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells derived from large multi-nucleated Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

47
Q

What size are platelets?

A

1-3 microns in diameter

48
Q

What are platelets surrounded by?

A

Surrounded by cell membrane and containing vesicles with coagulation factors

49
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Responsible for clotting of blood, notably when the endothelium lining all blood vessels is breached

50
Q

What is the formation of blood cells called?

A

Haematopoeisis

51
Q

What do all blood cells derive from?

A

Multi-potential haematopoietic stem cell know as a haemocytoblast

52
Q

What is the bony trabeculum?

A

Hematopoietic bone marrow originated from an adult

53
Q

Where do all blood cells in adults form?

A

Haematopoietic bone marrow

54
Q

Where do all blood cells in children form?

A

Process begins in fetal life in liver

55
Q

What are the 3 broad cell series?

A

Myelon series lies next to bone and gives rise to white blood cells

Erythron series lies in between bony trabeculae and gives rise to erythrocytes

Megakaryocytes lie in between bony trabeculae and give rise to platelets

56
Q

What happens in Erythropoeisis?

A

•Reducing cell size
•Haemoglobin production increases
•Reduction and loss of organelles
•Basophilia in early precursors changes to eosinophilia in late precursors
•Loss of nucleus
•Mediated by erythropoeitin (EPO)

57
Q

What happens in Granulopoeisis?

A

•Morphology similar for neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
•Increasing number of granules within cytoplasm
•Increasingly complex shape of the nucleus
•Large pool of stored mature neutrophils in marrow that can be release into the circulation during times of infection

IMMS (32 decks)

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