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IMMS > Histology 4 (Blood Vessels And Nerves) > Flashcards

Histology 4 (Blood Vessels And Nerves) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The channel where blood flows

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2
Q

What is the lumen bounded by?

A

A layer of squamous endothelial cells which rest on a basement membrane

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3
Q

What surrounds the squamous endothelium in the lumen?

A

A thin layer of loose connective tissue called the intimate

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4
Q

What is the intima bound by?

A

A layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic lamina

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5
Q

What is around the lamina in the lumen?

A

Media

A thick layer of connective tissue generally comprising smooth muscle with some fibroblasts and variable amounts of collagen and elastin

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6
Q

What surrounds the media in the lumen

A

External elastic lamina

Layer of elastic tissue

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7
Q

What surrounds the external elastic lamina?

A

Adventitia

Loose connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the elastic arteries?

A

Large arteries near the heart:
Aorta and Pulmonary arteries

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9
Q

What is the structure of elastic arteries?

A

Layer of vascular endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane

Loose fibrous connective tissue called intima

Internal elastic Lamina

Media (Abundant concentric sheets of elastin)

External elastic lamina

Adventitia (loose fibrous connective tissue)

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10
Q

What are the most abundant arteries in the body?

A

Muscular arteries

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11
Q

What is the structure of the muscular arteries?

A

Lumen

Intima lined on it’s inner surface by vascular endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane

Intima of loose fibrous connective tissue

A muscular media comprising concentric layers of smooth muscle

The media is bounded by an internal and external elastic lamina

Sheets of elastin still found in media

Entire vessel is surrounded by a layer of loose connective tissue, the Adventitia

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12
Q

Give examples of muscular arteries

A

Radial artery at the wrist

Splenic artery

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13
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Resistance vessels of the circulation

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14
Q

What is the difference between a muscular artery and arteriole?

A

Arbitrary

Defined as having 3 or fewer muscle layers in their media
Or artery less than 100 microns in diameter

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15
Q

Can elastic laminae in arterioles be seen?

A

No elastic laminae are generally poorly defined

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16
Q

What are the differences in structure between capillaries and arteries?

A

Capillaries don’t have an adventitia, external elastic lamina, media, internal elastic lamina or intima

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17
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

Layer of vascular endothelial cells resting on the inside of a basement membrane

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18
Q

How is the size of capillaries regulated?

A

Need to be able to constrict or relax these vascular channels

This is achieved by a layer of cells present on the outside of capillaries called pericytes

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19
Q

What do pericytes do on the smallest capillaries?

A

Form a discontinuous layer on the outside of the capillary which becomes continuous as the capillaries get larger

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20
Q

What happens when the vascular endothelium is incomplete in some capillaries?

A

Forms windows that facilitates the movement of materials out of the circulation and into the surrounding tissues, these are the fenestrated capillaries

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21
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Composed entirely of thin-walled endothelial cells with no surrounding muscle or connective tissue

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22
Q

What is meant as ‘closed’ capillaries?

A

The layer of vascular endothelial cells is complete

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23
Q

What does it mean if the endothelial layer is incomplete?

A

Creates leaky fenestrated capillaries

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24
Q

Give examples of tissues with fenestrated capillaries?

A

Kidney and liver

25
Q

Where do capillaries drain into?

A

Venous system

26
Q

What does the venous system begin with?

A

Venules

27
Q

What is the difference in structure between arteries and veins?

A

Veins have no elastic lamina
Arteries and arterioles have a thicker muscular wall and smaller lumen

28
Q

What are venules typically associated with?

A

Arterioles

29
Q

Do venules have thick or thin walls?

A

Thin walled vessels

30
Q

What do pericytes do to venules?

A

Contractile pericytes wrap around outside of endothelial cells and form a complete layer as venules get larger.

31
Q

What are pericytes replaced with when venules become veins?

A

Smooth muscle

Muscular smooth muscle media

32
Q

What happens to the media in larger veins?

A

The media becomes thicker
Still thinner than in arteries

33
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle in large veins

A

May be arranged circumferentially around the vein

Longitudinal orientation

34
Q

Describe the structure of lymphatics?

A

Thin walled vessels
Have valves

35
Q

What is the pink material in a histogram or lymphatics?

A

Lymph

DO NOT CONTAIN BLOOD

36
Q

What is lymph?

A

Form of fluid derived from blood plasma

37
Q

Are blood cells found within lymphatics?

A

Red blood cells not found
Lymphocytes may be found

38
Q

What is the main way that lymphocytes travel around the body?

A

Circulate in the blood

39
Q

What does the lumen in lymphatics contain?

A

Amorphous eosinophilic protein rich lymph with scattered lymphocytes

40
Q

What is the lumen in lymphatics lined with?

A

Lined with a layer of vascular endothelium
Thin intima and media
Thin Adventitia

41
Q

What is the structure of peripheral nerves?

A

Composed of nerves cells which have a cell body typically located in the ganglion and a long axon

42
Q

What does the axons do in the peripheral nerves?

A

Form the bulk of the peripheral nerve
Supported by Schwann cells

43
Q

What do most peripheral nerves comprise of?

A

Myelinated axons

44
Q

What does the myelin do?

A

Acts as an insulating sheath

45
Q

What is the myelin produced by?

A

Schwann cells

46
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue in peripheral nerves?

A

Binds individual axons together, performs fascicles, and which binds fascicles together to form nerve fibres

47
Q

What do axons look like on a histogram?

A

White circles surrounded by thin brown lines

48
Q

What are the thin brown circles on a histogram?

A

Myelin sheaths

49
Q

Why are nerves considered alongside blood vessels?

A

Commonly found together as a cardiovascular bundle

50
Q

What stain is used for myelin?

A

Silver stain

Does not stain readily with H&E

51
Q

What is the gap between Schwann cells called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

52
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Envelops and spirals around the axons
Support one or more axons and produce myelin in some cases

53
Q

What type of axons are larger and transmit impulses faster?

A

Myelinated Axons

54
Q

With what type of microscope can neurosecretory granules be seen?

A

Electron microscope

55
Q

Where are neurochemicals released from?

A

Presynaptic bulb

56
Q

Where do sensory neurons have their cells bodies?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

57
Q

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones have their cell body?

A

Ganglia and in the brain and local ganglia of all organs

58
Q

What types of cytoskeleton fibre are contained in neurons?

A

Microtubules and neurofilaments

59
Q

What is the myelin mainly composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins inserted.

Sphinogomyelin is the predominant phospholipid

IMMS (32 decks)

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