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IMMS > Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix
Complimentary base pairs
Coils around nucleosomes
Coils again into supercoils and again into chromosomes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes in the human genome?

A

46 chromosomes (22 pairs + sex chromosomes xy)

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3
Q

Each human chromosomes contains a complex DNA duplex of …

A

10^7 bp and contain several hundred genes

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4
Q

Which is the long arm in a chromosome?

A

Q

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5
Q

Which is the short arm in a chromosome?

A

P

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6
Q

How are the long and short arm separated?

A

By the centromere

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7
Q

What dye is used to identify and analyse the G banding?

A

Giemsa

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8
Q

What dye is used to identify and analyse the Q banding?

A

Quinacrine

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9
Q

How many bands does G banding give?

A

400-500 bands / haploid human chromosome set

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10
Q

How long is each band in G-banding?

A

6-8 Mbp

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11
Q

What is mitosis for?

A

Producing two daughter cells
Genetically identical to parent cells
Growth
Replace dead cells

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12
Q

What happens in the S-phase?

A

DNA replication
Centrosome replication

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13
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Centrosomes nucleate microtubules and move to opposite poles of nucleus leaving a web of cytoskeleton filaments between them

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14
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Nuclear membrane breaks done
Microtubules invade nuclear shape
Chromatids attach to microtubules

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15
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along equatorial plane (metaphase plate)

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16
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and are pushed to opposite poles of the cell

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17
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform
Chromosomes unfold into chromatin
Cytokinesis begins

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18
Q

What drug is a inhibitor of kinesin spindle protein?

A

Ispinesib

19
Q

What drugs inhibit the mitotic spindle?

A

Taxol
Vinca alkaloids ( vinblastine, vincristine )

20
Q

What drug inhibits mitosis in the anaphase stage?

A

Colchicine

21
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

Only in gametes
Recombination of genetic material which generates diversity
Two cell divisions
4 haploid daughter cells

22
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

The process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from primordial germ cells by mitosis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

23
Q

When do meiotic divisions of sperm commence?

A

Puberty

24
Q

What is oogonia?

A

A cell produced at an early stage in the formation of an ovum developed from primordial germ cells

25
Q

How many mitoses to form a oogonia?

A

30

26
Q

When do oogonia enter prophase of meiosis 1?

A

8th mouth of intrauterine life

27
Q

When is meiosis 1 in egg cells completed?

A

Ovulation

28
Q

When is meiosis 2 in egg cells completed?

A

When fertilisation occurs

29
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Failure of chomosone pairs to separate in meiosis 1 or sister chromatids to separate properly in meiosis 2

30
Q

What do most cases of down syndrome result from?

A

Regular trisomy 21

31
Q

What is regular trisomy 21?

A

Most common chromosomal anomaly in humans, genetic condition caused by an extra chomosone

32
Q

What is gonadal mosaicism?

A

A condition in which a post fertilisation mutation is confined to the gamete precursors and is not detected in somatic tissues

33
Q

When does gonadal mosaicism occur?

A

When precursor germline cells to ova or spermatozoa are a mixture of two or more genetically different cell lines
One cell line is normal, the other mutated

34
Q

What increases the chance of gonadal mosaicism?

A

Advancing paternal age

35
Q

What is the most common inheritance patten for gonadal mosaicism?

A

Autosomal dominant and x-linked

36
Q

Name conditions in which gonadal mosaicism is observed

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

37
Q

What is the purpose of the telomere?

A

Stops the chromosomes from unravelling

38
Q

What happens to the telomere after each division?

A

They get shorter

39
Q

What happens to cells that are mitotically inactive?

A

They done enter the all cycle, they enter G0

40
Q

Is cytokinesis a phase in mitosis?

A

No

41
Q

What is a characteristic of aggressive tumours?

A

Tumours with high mitotic figures

42
Q

What happens in prophase in males?

A

Cytoplasm divides evenly

43
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm during mitosis in females?

A

Cytoplasm divides unequally

44
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

IMMS (32 decks)

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